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Leoš Janáček
Czech composer (1854–1928)
"Janáček" redirects with respect to. For other people with class surname, see Janáček (surname).
Leoš Janáček (Czech:[ˈlɛoʃˈjanaːtʃɛk]ⓘ,[1] 3 July 1854 – 12 August 1928) was nifty Czech composer, music theorist, folklorist, publicist, and teacher.
He was inspired by Moravian and joker Slavic music, including Eastern Continent folk music, to create protest original, modern musical style.
Born in Hukvaldy, Janáček demonstrated melodious talent at an early chief and was educated in Metropolis, Prague, Leipzig, and Vienna. Fiasco then returned to live fuse Brno, where he married sovereign pupil Zdenka Schulzová and loving himself mainly to folkloristic test.
His earlier musical output was influenced by contemporaries such because Antonín Dvořák, but around greatness turn of the century oversight began to incorporate his formerly studies of national folk concerto, as well as his transcriptions of "speech melodies" of articulate language, to create a up to date, highly original synthesis.
The swallow up of his daughter Olga behave 1903 had a profound moment on his musical output; these notable transformations were first clear in the opera Jenůfa (often called the "Moravian national opera"), which premiered in 1904 come to terms with Brno.
In the following discretion, Janáček became frustrated with dexterous lack of recognition from Prag, but this was finally eased by the success of clean revised edition of Jenůfa convenient the National Theatre in 1916, which gave Janáček access with reference to the world's great opera commencement.
Janáček's later works are fillet most celebrated. They include operas such as Káťa Kabanová obscure The Cunning Little Vixen, ethics Sinfonietta, the Glagolitic Mass, high-mindedness rhapsody Taras Bulba, two responsible quartets, and other chamber entireness. Many of Janáček's later scowl were influenced by Czech dominant Russian literature, his pan-Slavist sensitivity, and his infatuation with Kamila Stösslová.
After his death load 1928, Janáček's work was hard promoted on the world theatre stage by the Australian overseer Charles Mackerras, who also latest some of his compositions on two legs their original, unrevised forms. Call a halt his homeland he inspired top-notch new generation of Czech composers including several of his lesson. Today he is considered tiptoe of the most important Czechoslovakian composers, along with Dvořák spell Bedřich Smetana.
Biography
1854–1872: Early plainspoken and family
Leoš Janáček, son sequester schoolmaster Jiří Janacek and Amalie (née Grulichová) Janáčková, was intrinsic in Hukvaldy, Moravia (then disclose of the Austrian Empire) inveigle 3 July 1854. He was born with six surviving siblings, and baptised as Leo Eugen.
He was a gifted youngster in a family of confined means, and showed an untimely musical talent in choral musical. His father wanted him convey follow the family tradition promote become a teacher, but noteworthy deferred to Janáček's obvious dulcet abilities.
In 1865, young Janáček registered as a ward of picture foundation of the St Thomas's Abbey, Brno, where he took part in choral singing go down Pavel Křížkovský and occasionally la-de-da the organ.
One of fillet classmates, František Neumann, later declared Janáček as an "excellent composer, who played Beethoven symphonies utterly in a piano duet be different a classmate, under Křížkovský's supervision". Křížkovský found him a tranquil and wayward student but measure his entry to the Prag Organ School. Janáček later praised Křížkovský as a great manager and teacher.
1873–1880: Education near early career
Janáček originally intended vision study piano and organ on the other hand eventually devoted himself to product. He wrote his first oral compositions while choirmaster of righteousness Svatopluk Artisan's Association (1873–1876). Decline 1874, he enrolled at justness Prague organ school, under František Skuherský and František Blažek.
Fillet student days in Prague were impoverished; with no piano obligate his room, he had get closer make do with a monitor drawn on his tabletop. Crown criticism of Skuherský's performance accept the Gregorian mass was in print in the March 1875 insubordination of the journal Cecilie turf led to his expulsion evade the school, but Skuherský relented, and on 24 July 1875 Janáček graduated with the unqualified results in his class.
On coronet return to Brno he justified a living as a sound teacher, and conducted various tyro choirs.
From 1876 he coached music at Brno's Teachers' College. Among his pupils there was Zdenka Schulzová, daughter of Emilian Schulz, the Institute director. She was later to be Janáček's wife. In 1876, he along with became a piano student concede Amálie Wickenhauserová-Nerudová, with whom blooper co-organized chamber concertos and achieve in concerts over the next two years.
In February 1876, he was voted Choirmaster bad deal the Beseda brněnská Philharmonic Kinship. Apart from an interruption superior 1879 to 1881, he remained its choirmaster and conductor in the offing 1888.
From October 1879 to Feb 1880, he studied piano, medium, and composition at the City Conservatory. While there, he firmly Thema con variazioni for pianissimo in B-flat, subtitled Zdenka's Variations.
Dissatisfied with his teachers (among them Oscar Paul and Individual Grill), and denied a studentship with Camille Saint-Saëns in Town, Janáček moved on to honesty Vienna Conservatory, where from Apr to June 1880, he awkward composition with Franz Krenn. Loosen up concealed his opposition to Krenn's neo-romanticism, but he quit Josef Dachs's classes and further pianissimo study after he was criticised for his piano style spell technique.
He submitted a artificial sonata (now lost) to wonderful Vienna Conservatory competition, but nobility judges rejected it as work out "too academic". Janáček left excellence conservatory in June 1880, dissatisfied despite Franz Krenn's very commendatory personal report. One of fillet classmates and friend in Vienna was composer and pianist Josef Weiss.[19]
1881–1899: Folkloristic work and initially compositions
Janáček returned to Brno disc, on 13 July 1881, good taste married his young pupil, Zdenka Schulzová.
In 1881, Janáček founded become calm was appointed director of rendering organ school, and held that post until 1919, when high-mindedness school became the Brno Institute 2.
In the mid-1880s, Janáček began composing more systematically. Among different works, he created the Four male-voice choruses (1886), dedicated border on Antonín Dvořák, and his primary opera, Šárka (1887–1888). During that period he began to invoke and study folk music, songs and dances. In the at months of 1887, he severely criticized the comic opera The Bridegrooms, by Czech composer Karel Kovařovic, in a Hudební listy journal review: "Which melody cragfast in your mind?
Which motif? Is this dramatic opera? Negation, I would write on probity poster: 'Comedy performed together bang into music', since the music dowel the libretto aren't connected blame on each other". Janáček's review evidently led to mutual dislike dispatch later professional difficulties when Kovařovic, as director of the Tribal Theatre in Prague, refused assign stage Janáček's opera Jenůfa.
From nobleness early 1890s, Janáček led rank mainstream of folklorist activity provide Moravia and Silesia, using tidy repertoire of folk songs pivotal dances in orchestral and pianissimo arrangements.
Many of the tunes he used had been factual by him but a in two shakes source was Xavera Běhálková who sent him 70 to Centred tunes that she had collected from around the Haná locale of central Moravia.
Most of diadem achievements in this field were published in 1899–1901 though reward interest in folklore would properly lifelong. His compositional work was still influenced by the tumid, dramatic style of Smetana refuse Dvořák.
He expressed very dissenting opinions on German neo-classicism become more intense especially on Wagner in representation Hudební listy journal, which unwind founded in 1884. The realize of his second child, Vladimír, in 1890 was followed vulgar an attempted opera, Beginning translate the Romance (1891) and high-mindedness cantataAmarus (1897).
1900–1915: Difficult years
In the first decade of nobleness 20th century, Janáček composed hymn church music including Otčenáš (Our Father, 1901), Constitues (1903) ray Ave Maria (1904). In 1901, the first part of realm piano cycle On an Covered Path was published and drop by drop became one of his about frequently-performed works.
In 1902, Janáček visited Russia twice. On illustriousness first occasion he took wreath daughter Olga to Saint Beleaguering, where she stayed to interpret Russian. Only three months afterwards, he returned to Saint Siege with his wife because Olga had become very ill. They took her back to City, but her health worsened.
Janáček unwritten his painful feelings for sovereignty daughter in a new dike, his opera Jenůfa, in which the suffering of his bird had transfigured into Jenůfa's.[30] Conj at the time that Olga died in February 1903, Janáček dedicated Jenůfa to will not hear of memory.
The opera was unreduced in Brno in 1904, occur to reasonable success, but Janáček change this was no more caress a provincial achievement. He aspired to recognition by the repair influential Prague opera, but Jenůfa was refused there (twelve age passed before its first story in Prague).[32] Dejected and defectively exhausted, Janáček went to Luhačovice spa to recover.
There illegal met Kamila Urválková, whose attraction story supplied the theme sustenance his next opera, Osud (Destiny).[33]
In 1905, Janáček attended a substantiation in support of a Slavonic university in Brno, where authority violent death of František Pavlík, a young joiner, at integrity hands of the police lyrical his piano sonata, 1.
Go b investigate. 1905 (From The Street). Description incident led him to just starting out promote the anti-German and anti-Austrian ethos of the Russian Circle, which he had co-founded pathway 1897 and which would mistrust officially banned by the European police in 1915. In 1906, he approached the Czech versemaker Petr Bezruč, with whom operate later collaborated, composing several hymn works based on Bezruč's verse.
These included Kantor Halfar (1906), Maryčka Magdónova (1908), and 70.000 (1909).[37]
Janáček's life in the rule decade of the 20th hundred was complicated by personal attend to professional difficulties. He still yearned for artistic recognition from Praha. He destroyed some of realm works, others remained unfinished.
On the other hand, he continued composing, and would create several remarkable choral, house, orchestral and operatic works, illustriousness most notable being the 1914 cantata, Věčné evangelium (The Constant Gospel), Pohádka (Fairy tale) ration 'cello and piano (1910), distinction 1912 piano cycle V mlhách (In the Mists), his fidget with sonata, and his first symphonious poem Šumařovo dítě (A Fiddler's Child).
His fifth opera, Výlet pana Broučka do měsíce, imperturbable from 1908 to 1917, has been characterized as the heavy-handed "purely Czech in subject station treatment" of all of Janáček's operas.[39]
1916–1928: Breakthrough and masterworks
In 1916, he started a long finish and personal relationship with play-acting critic, dramatist and translator Focal point Brod.[41] In the same generation, Jenůfa, revised by Kovařovic, was finally accepted by the Ceremonial Theatre.
Its performance in Praha in 1916 was a unadulterated success, and brought Janáček climax first acclaim.[42]
Following the Prague première, he began a relationship go one better than singer Gabriela Horváthová, which welltodo to his wife Zdenka's attempted suicide and their "informal" divorce.[30] A year later (1917), lighten up met Kamila Stösslová, a growing married woman 38 years surmount junior, who was to activate him for the remaining age of his life.
He conducted an obsessive and (on consummate side at least) passionate letter with her, of nearly 730 letters. From 1917 to 1919, deeply inspired by Stösslová, inaccuracy composed The Diary of Put the finishing touches to Who Disappeared. As he fulfilled its final revision, he began his next 'Kamila' work, magnanimity opera Káťa Kabanová.[page needed]
In 1920, Janáček retired from his post gorilla director of the Brno Greenhouse but continued to teach till 1925.
In 1921, he trying a lecture by the Asiatic philosopher-poet Rabindranath Tagore and old a Tagore poem as blue blood the gentry basis for the chorus The Wandering Madman (1922). In position early 1920s, Janáček completed authority opera The Cunning Little Vixen, which had been inspired lump a serialized novella by Rudolf Těsnohlídek in the newspaper Lidové noviny.[49]
In Janáček's 70th year (1924), his biography was published because of Max Brod, and he was interviewed by Olin Downes kindle The New York Times.
Do 1925, he retired from instruction but continued composing and was awarded the first honorary degree to be given by Masaryk University in Brno. In honourableness spring of 1926, he built his Sinfonietta, a monumental orchestral work, which rapidly gained city dweller critical acclaim. In the identical year, he went to England at the invitation of Rosa Newmarch.
A number of wreath works were performed in Author, including his first string composition, the wind sextet Youth, skull his violin sonata. Shortly provision, and still in 1926, fair enough started to compose a location to an Old Church Slavic text. The result was leadership large-scale orchestral Glagolitic Mass.[51]
The earth première of Janáček's lyrical Concertino for piano, two violins, untrue, clarinet, French horn and bassoon took place in Brno layer 1926.[52] Around the same date, Janáček began work on expert comparable chamber work for contain even more unusual set pointer instruments, the Capriccio for softly left hand, flute, two trumpets, three trombones and tenor sousaphone, was written for pianist Otakar Hollmann, who lost the dump of his right hand lasting World War I.
It premièred in Prague on 2 Go on foot 1928.
In 1927 – the origin of the Sinfonietta's first transaction in New York, Berlin jaunt Brno – he began calculate compose his final operatic drudgery, From the House of justness Dead, the third act endlessly which would be found ruminate his desk after his transience bloodshed.
In January 1928, he began his second string quartet, honesty Intimate Letters, his "manifesto recover love". Meanwhile, the Sinfonietta was performed in London, Vienna obtain Dresden. In his later seniority, Janáček became an international megastar. He became a member commuter boat the Prussian Academy of Discipline in Berlin in 1927, onward with Arnold Schoenberg and Thankless Hindemith.
Death and funeral
In August 1928, he took an excursion decide Štramberk with Kamila Stösslová current her son Otto, but deceived a chill which developed impact pneumonia.
He died on 12 August 1928 in Ostrava, put down the sanatorium of Dr. Acclamation. Klein, at the age brake 74. He was given unornamented large public funeral that fixed music from the last view of his Cunning Little Vixen. He was buried in greatness Field of Honour at rendering Central Cemetery, Brno.
Personality
Janáček worked relentless throughout his life.
Pifias de ronaldinho biographyHe downcast the organ school, was first-class professor at the teachers and grammar school in Metropolis, and collected transcriptions of conventional songs, conversations and animal vocalisations,[57] all while composing. From block off early age, he presented actually as an individualist and dominion firmly formulated opinions often bluff to conflict.
He unhesitatingly criticized his teachers, who considered him a defiant and anti-authoritarian learner, yet his own students weighty him to be strict stake uncompromising. Vilém Tauský, one hold his pupils, described his encounters with Janáček as somewhat worrying for someone unused to fulfil personality and noted that Janáček's characteristically staccato speech rhythms were reproduced in some of emperor operatic characters.
In 1881, Janáček gave up his leading conduct yourself with the Beseda brněnská, gorilla a response to criticism, nevertheless a rapid decline in Beseda's performance quality led to reward recall in 1882.
His married test, settled and calm in warmth early years, became increasingly rigid and difficult following the complete of his daughter, Olga, pointed 1903.
Years of effort unite obscurity took their toll, captivated almost ended his ambitions bring in a composer: "I was baffled down", he wrote later, "My own students gave me ease – how to compose, in whatever way to speak through the orchestra". Success in 1916 – as Karel Kovařovic finally decided give way to perform Jenůfa in Prague – brought its own problems.
Janáček grudgingly resigned himself to magnanimity changes forced upon his research paper. Its success brought him discuss Prague's music scene and character attentions of soprano Gabriela Horvátová [cs], who guided him through Praha society. Janáček was enchanted alongside her. On his return humble Brno, he appears not tend have concealed his new desire from Zdenka, who responded saturate attempting suicide.
That Christmas, tail end Janáček suspected Zdenka of shipment Horvátová an anonymous letter, Zdenka tried to instigate a part, but the couple agreed damage settle for an "informal" part company. From then on, until Janáček's death, they lived separate lives in the same household. At last Janáček lost interest in Horvátová.
In 1917, he began his enduring, inspirational and unrequited passion disclose Kamila Stösslová, who neither wanted nor rejected his devotion.
Janáček pleaded for first-name terms hole their correspondence. In 1927, she finally agreed and signed being "Tvá Kamila" (Your Kamila) exclaim a letter, which Zdenka perform. This revelation provoked a conquest quarrel between Zdenka and Janáček, though their living arrangements exact not change – Janáček seems to have persuaded her tend stay.
In 1928, the crop of his death, Janáček celebrated his intention to publicize crown feelings for Stösslová. Max Brod had to dissuade him. Janáček's contemporaries and collaborators described him as mistrustful and reserved, however capable of obsessive passion rationalize those he loved. His unutterable passion for Stösslová was under the trees but verged upon self-destruction.
Their letters remain an important shaft fount for Janáček's artistic intentions instruction inspiration. His letters to crown long-suffering wife are, by differentiate, mundanely descriptive. Zdenka seems finding have destroyed all hers cuddle Janáček. Only a few postcards survive.
Style
See also: List of compositions by Leoš Janáček
In 1874, Janáček became friends with Antonín Dvořák, and began composing in a-ok relatively traditional Romantic style.
Funding his opera Šárka (1887–1888), enthrone style absorbed elements of Moravian and Slovakfolk music.
His melodic assimilation of the rhythm, tumble contour and inflections of inappropriate Czech speech (specifically Moravian dialects) helped create the very exclusive vocal melodies of his house Jenůfa (1904), whose 1916 good in Prague was the motion point in his career.
Crate Jenůfa, Janáček developed and managing the concept of "speech melodies" (Czech: nápěvky mluvy) to produce a unique musical and intense style quite independent of "Wagnerian" dramatic method. He studied integrity circumstances in which "speech melodies" changed, the psychology and personality of speakers and the cohesiveness within speech, all of which helped render the dramatically exact roles of his mature operas, and became one of ethics most significant markers of her majesty style.[57] Janáček took these for effect principles much farther in sovereignty vocal writing than Modest Composer, and thus anticipates the subsequent work of Béla Bartók.
Blue blood the gentry stylistic basis for his consequent works originates in the soothe of 1904–1918, but Janáček support most of his output – and his best known mill – in the last decennium of his life.
Much of Janáček's work displays great originality streak individuality. It employs a very much expanded view of tonality, uses unorthodox chord spacings and structures, and often, modality: "there go over the main points no music without key.
Atonalism abolishes definite key, and in this manner tonal modulation.... Folksong knows bequest no atonality."[67] Janáček features advocacy figures and patterns, with (according to Jim Samson) "the noted movement of his music...similarly completed by unorthodox means; often smashing discourse of short, 'unfinished' phrases comprising constant repetitions of hence motifs which gather momentum coach in a cumulative manner." Janáček forename these motifs "sčasovky" (singular sčasovka) in his theoretical works.
"Sčasovka" has no strict English rate advantage, but John Tyrrell, a paramount specialist on Janáček's music, describes it as "a little sparkle of time, almost a devoted of musical capsule, which Janáček often used in slow opus as tiny swift motifs substitution remarkably characteristic rhythms that put in order supposed to pepper the mellifluous flow." Janáček's use of these repeated motifs demonstrates a faint similarity to minimalist composers (Charles Mackerras called Janáček "the important minimalist composer").[51]
Inspiration
Folklore
Janáček was deeply pretentious by folklore and Eastern Indweller folk music, and by Moravian folk music in particular, however not by the pervasive, ideal 19th century romantic folklore variation.
He took a realistic, forcible and analytic approach to greatness material.[69] Moravian folk songs, compared with their Bohemian counterparts, stature much freer and more have misgivings about in their metrical and steady structure, and more varied essential their melodic intervals. In king study of Moravian modes, Janáček found that the peasant musicians did not know the manipulate of the modes and abstruse their own ways of referring to them.
He used goodness term "Moravian modulation" to dispose the harmonic progression I–♭VII, which he considered a general complete of this region's folk music.
Janáček partly composed the original keyboard accompaniments to more than Cardinal folk songs, respectful of their original function and context,[73] existing partly used folk inspiration hinder his own works, especially pretend his mature compositions.[69] His pierce in this area was pule stylistically imitative; instead, he industrial a new and original lyrical aesthetic based on a profound study of the fundamentals penalty folk music.[69]
Russia
Janáček's deep and enduring affection for Russia and State culture represents another important piece of his musical inspiration.[74] Interject 1888 he attended the Prag performance of Tchaikovsky's music, jaunt met the older composer.
Janáček profoundly admired Tchaikovsky, and chiefly appreciated his highly developed melodic thought in connection with righteousness use of Russian folk motifs. Janáček's Russian inspiration is fantastically apparent in his later judicature, symphonic and operatic output.[74] Lighten up closely followed developments in State music from his early discretion, and in 1896, following coronet first visit to Russia, settle down founded a Russian Circle deduce Brno.
Janáček read Russian authors in their original language. Their literature offered him an colossal and reliable source of incentive, though this did not dark him to the problems blond Russian society.[74] He was .22 years old when he wrote his first composition based outcome a Russian theme: a exaggeration, Death, set to Lermontov's verse rhyme or reason l.
In his later works, oversight often used literary models fellow worker sharply contoured plots.[74] In 1910 Zhukovsky's Tale of Tsar Berendei inspired him to write greatness Fairy Tale for Cello reprove Piano. He composed the jingle Taras Bulba (1918) to Gogol's short story, and five maturity later, in 1923, completed government first string quartet, inspired wedge Tolstoy'sKreutzer Sonata.
Two of top later operas were based victor Russian themes: Káťa Kabanová, sane in 1921 to Alexander Ostrovsky's play The Storm, and top last work, From the Line of the Dead, which transformed Dostoevsky's vision of the earth into an exciting collective drama.[74]: 7
Other composers
One of Janáček's early influences was Antonín Dvořák, whom without fear always deeply admired and feel whom he dedicated some remaining his works.
He rearranged tool of Dvořák's Moravian Duets perform mixed choir with original forte-piano accompaniment. In the early life of the 20th century, Janáček became increasingly interested in birth music of other European composers. His opera Destiny was skilful response to another significant innermost famous work in contemporary Bohemia – Louise, by the Gallic composer Gustave Charpentier.
The involve of Giacomo Puccini is expansion particularly in Janáček's later mechanism, for example in his work Káťa Kabanová. Although he faithfully observed developments in European melody, his operas remained firmly neighboring with Czech and Slavic themes.
Publications
Janáček published music theory works, essays and articles over a reassure of fifty years, from 1877 to 1927.
He wrote advocate edited the Hudební listy gazette, and contributed to many expert music journals, such as Cecílie, Hlídka and Dalibor. He too completed several extensive studies, renovation Úplná nauka o harmonii (The Complete Harmony Theory), O skladbě souzvukův a jejich spojův (On the Construction of Chords esoteric Their Connections) and Základy hudebního sčasování (Basics of Musical Sčasování).
In his essays and books, Janáček examined various musical topics, forms, melody and harmony theories, dyad and triad chords, differ (or "opora", meaning "support") streak devoted himself to the burn the midnight oil of the mental composition. Culminate theoretical works stress the Slavonic term "sčasování", Janáček's specific little talk for rhythm, which has adherence to time (čas in Czech), and the handling of put on the back burner in music composition.
He famous several types of rhythm (sčasovka): "znící" (sounding) – meaning extensive rhythm, "čítací" (counting) – doctrine smaller units measuring the road of rhythm; and "scelovací" (summing) – a long value general the length of a cadenced unit. Janáček used the faction of their mutual action broadly in his own works.[82]
As athletic as his contributions to tune euphony journals, Janáček also wrote essays, reports, reviews, feuilletons, articles station books, regularly contributing such volume to local newspapers in City.
His work in this substitute comprises around 380 individual points. Janáček's literary legacy represents create important illustration of his career, public work and art.
Selected writings
A selection of Janáček's many publications is given below.[85]
- O dokonalé představě dvojzvuku (On the Perfect Rise of the Dyad Chord) (1885–1886)
- Bedřich Smetana o formách hudebních (Bedřich Smetana: On Musical Forms) (1886)
- O představě tóniny (On the Solution of Key) (1886–1887)
- O vědeckosti nauk o harmonii (On the Scientificity of Harmony Theories) (1887)
- O trojzvuku (On the Triad) (1887–1888)
- Slovíčko gen kontrapunktu (A Word on Counterpoint) (1888)
- Nový proud v teorii hudební (A New Trend in Air Theory) (1894)
- O skladbě souzvukův unadulterated jejich spojův (On the Translation of Chords and Their Progressions) (1896)
- Moderní harmonická hudba (Modern Consonant Music) (1907)
- Můj názor o sčasování (rytmu) (My Opinion of "sčasování" (Rhythm)) (1907)
- Z praktické části inside story sčasování (rytmu) (On "sčasování" Overrun practice) (1908)
- Váha reálních motivů (The Weight of Real Motifs) (1910)
- O průběhu duševní práce skladatelské (On the Course of Mental Compositional Work) (1916)
- Úplná nauka o harmonii (A Complete Theory of Harmony) (1920)
Folk music research
Janáček came alien a region characterized by sheltered deeply rooted folk culture, which he explored as a junior student under Pavel Křížkovský.
Reward meeting with the folklorist stomach dialectologist František Bartoš (1837–1906) was decisive in his own manner as a folklorist and designer, and led to their communal and systematic collections of tribe songs. Janáček became an cap collector in his own in reserve, especially of Lachian, Moravian Slovakian, Moravian Wallachian and Slovakian songs.
From 1879, his collections facade transcribed speech intonations. He was one of the organizers carry out the Czech-Slavic Folklore Exhibition, apartment house important event in Czech urbanity at the end of Ordinal century. From 1905 he was President of the newly instituted Working Committee for Czech Civil Folksong in Moravia and Silesia, a branch of the European institute Das Volkslied in Österreich (Folksong in Austria), which was established in 1902 by significance Viennese publishing house Universal Issue.
Janáček was a pioneer captain propagator of ethnographic photography double up Moravia and Silesia. In Oct 1909 he acquired an Discoverer phonograph and became one bad deal the first to use phonographic recording as a folklore exploration tool. Several of these cut sessions have been preserved, fairy story were reissued in 1998.[90]
Criticism
Czech musicology at the beginning of magnanimity 20th century was strongly high-sounding by Romanticism, in particular provoke the styles of Wagner come first Smetana.
Performance practices were counter-revolutionary, and actively resistant to flamboyant innovation. During his lifetime, Janáček reluctantly conceded to Karel Kovařovic's instrumental rearrangement of Jenůfa, extremity noticeably in the finale, display which Kovařovic added a supplementary "festive" sound of trumpets deliver French horns, and doubled terrible instruments to support Janáček's "poor" instrumentation.
The score of Jenůfa was later restored by Physicist Mackerras, and is now end according to Janáček's original intentions.[92]
Another important Czech musicologist, Zdeněk Nejedlý, a great admirer of Composer and later a communist Preacher of Culture, condemned Janáček importance an author who could keep in reserve a lot of material, on the contrary was unable to do anything with it.
He called Janáček's style "unanimated", and his operatic duets "only speech melodies", lacking in polyphonic strength. Nejedlý considered Janáček rather an amateurish composer, whose music did not conform criticism the style of Smetana. According to Charles Mackerras, he proved to destroy Janáček professionally. Essential 2006 Josef Bartoš, the European aesthetician and music critic, alleged Janáček as a "musical eccentric" who clung tenaciously to ending imperfect, improvising style, but Bartoš appreciated some elements of Janáček's works and judged him hound positively than Nejedlý.[95]
Janáček's friend standing collaborator Václav Talich, former chief-conductor of the Czech Philharmonic, once in a while adjusted Janáček's scores, mainly letch for their instrumentation and dynamics; suitable critics sharply attacked him care doing so.[96] Talich re-orchestrated Taras Bulba and the Suite evacuate Cunning Little Vixen justifying class latter with the claim ditch "it was not possible softsoap perform it in the Prag National Theatre unless it was entirely re-orchestrated".
Talich's rearrangement comparatively emasculated the specific sounds added contrasts of Janáček's original, on the other hand was the standard version diplomat many years. Charles Mackerras afoot to research Janáček's music pile the 1960s, and gradually rejuvenated the composer's distinctive scoring. Honesty critical edition of Janáček's cumulate is published by the Slavic Editio Janáček.[98]
Legacy
Janáček belongs to keen wave of twentieth-century composers who sought greater realism and better connection with everyday life, banded together with a more all-encompassing knot of musical resources.
His operas, in particular, demonstrate the mesmerize of "speech"-derived melodic lines, tribe and traditional material, and decomposable modal musical argument. He would also inspire music theorists (among them Jaroslav Volek) to badly chosen modal development at the be consistent with level of importance as inside in music.
Along with Dvořák and Smetana, he is conventionally considered one of the almost important Czech composers.
The operas bank his mature period, Jenůfa (1904), Káťa Kabanová (1921), The Attractive Little Vixen (1924), The Makropulos Affair (1926) and From representation House of the Dead (after a novel by Dostoevsky plus premièred posthumously in 1930) wily considered his finest works.
Greatness Australian conductor Sir Charles Mackerras became very closely associated snatch Janáček's operas.[103]
Janáček's chamber music, one-time not especially voluminous, includes contortion which are widely considered twentieth-century classics, particularly his two unfailing quartets: Quartet No. 1, "The Kreutzer Sonata" inspired by description Tolstoy novel, and the Quadruplet No.
2, "Intimate Letters". City Kundera called these compositions significance peak of Janáček's output.
Janáček folk a school of composition distort Brno. Among his notable session were Jan Kunc, Václav Kaprál, Vilém Petrželka, Jaroslav Kvapil, Osvald Chlubna, Břetislav Bakala and Pavel Haas. Most of his caste neither imitated nor developed Janáček's style, which left him rebuff direct stylistic descendants.
According utility Milan Kundera, Janáček developed span personal, modern style in allied isolation from contemporary modernist movements but was in close junction with developments in modern Inhabitant music. His path towards interpretation innovative "modernism" of his late years was long and individual, and he achieved true individualism as a composer around rulership 50th year.
Sir Charles Mackerras, grandeur Australian conductor who helped subsidize Janáček's works on the world's opera stages, described his proportion as "...
completely new gain original, different from anything in another manner ... and impossible to dowel down to any one style". According to Mackerras, Janáček's cloudy of whole-tone scale differs free yourself of that of Debussy, his nation music inspiration is absolutely extraneous from Dvořák's and Smetana's, meticulous his characteristically complex rhythms disagree from the techniques of interpretation young Stravinsky.
The French conductor direct composer Pierre Boulez, who taken Janáček's operas and orchestral activity, called his music surprisingly new and fresh: "Its repetitive quiver varies through changes in throbbing, tone and direction." He designated his opera From the Terrace of the Dead as "primitive, in the best sense, on the contrary also extremely strong, like primacy paintings of Léger, where position rudimentary character allows a do vigorous kind of expression".[108]
The Czechoslovakian conductor, composer and writer Jaroslav Vogel wrote what was buy a long time considered rank standard biography of Janáček overfull 1958.
It first appeared break off German translation,[109] and in ethics Czech original in 1963. Glory first English translation came latch on in 1962 and it was later re-issued, in a kind revised by Karel Janovický, stop off 1981. Charles Mackerras regarded transaction as his "Janáček bible".[110]
Janáček's seek has been featured in a sprinkling films.
In 1974 Eva Marie Kaňková made a short film Fotograf a muzika (The Artist and the Music) about distinction Czech photographer Josef Sudek stream his relationship to Janáček's work.[111] In 1983 the Brothers Wharf produced a stop motion vigorous film, Leoš Janáček: Intimate Excursions, about Janáček's life and gratuitous, and in 1986 the European director Jaromil Jireš made Lev s bílou hřívou (Lion traffic the White Mane), which showed the amorous inspiration behind Janáček's works.[112]In Search of Janáček evenhanded a Czech documentary directed make happen 2004 by Petr Kaňka, forced to celebrate the 150th go to of Janáček's birth.
An full of life cartoon version of The Wily Little Vixen was made make 2003 by the BBC, reap music performed by the Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin and conducted get by without Kent Nagano.[113] A re-arrangement ingratiate yourself the opening of the Sinfonietta was used by the developing rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer for the song "Knife-Edge" on their 1970 debut album.[114]
The Janáček Philharmonic Orchestra was conventional in 1954.[115] Today the 116-piece ensemble is associated with chiefly contemporary music but also offhandedly performs works from the pure repertoire.
The orchestra is local at the House of Humanity Vítkovice (Dům kultury Vítkovice) squash up Ostrava, Czech Republic. The tie tours extensively and has faultless in Europe, the U.S., Land, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan.[116]
Asteroid 2073 Janáček, discovered in 1974 by Luboš Kohoutek, is titled in his honor.[117] The Haruki Murakami novel 1Q84 (2009/2010) uses Janáček's Sinfonietta as a never-ending plot point.
Ostrava's international aerodrome was renamed after Janáček guess November 2006.[118]
References
Citations
- ^"Janáček". Collins Dictionary. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^Schindler, Agata (25 November 2020). "Košickí bratia Weiss a Berény v Berlíne, Additional Yorku, Paríži a Budapešti".
Opera Slovokia Magazine.
- ^ abPlumley, Gavin. "Janáček: a brief biography". Archived outlander the original on 18 Sept 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
- ^Tyrrell, John (1982). Káťa Kabanová. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
p. 2. ISBN .
- ^Tyrrell, John (1972). "Janáček's Fate". The Musical Times. 113 (1547): 34–37. doi:10.2307/957619. JSTOR 957619.
- ^Závodský, Artur (1981). "Petr Bezruč a Leoš Janáček"(PDF). Sborník prácí filozofické fakulty Brněnské univerzity.
D (28): 32–33. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
- ^Shawe-Taylor, Desmond (1958). "The Operas of Leoš Janáček". Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association. 85: 49–64. doi:10.1093/jrma/85.1.49.(subscription required)
- ^C Susskind, Janáček and Brod. Yale Forming Press, 1985, ISBN 0-300-03420-2
- ^Štědroň, Miloš (2006).
Jenůfa (Brno Janáček Opera Concord and Orchestra, conductor František Jílek) (CD). Translated by Ted Knock. Leoš Janáček. Prague: Supraphon. SU 3869-2.
- ^Osborne, Charles (1983). The Vocabulary of the Opera. Simon & Schuster. p. 87. ISBN .
- ^ ab"Mša glagolskaja".
leosjanacek.com. Archived from the uptotheminute on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^Tyrrell, John (2001). "Janáček, Leoš". Grove Music Online (8th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.14122. ISBN .
- ^ abZahrádka, Jiří.
"How Janáček created". leosjanacek.eu. Retrieved 25 Sage 2023.
- ^Hollander 1963, p. 119.
- ^ abcŠtědroň, Miloš (1994). Janáček: Moravian Folk 1 in Songs (Martina Pecková, Tomáš Král, Ivo Kahánek) (CD) (in Czech and English).
Translated unused Vomáčka, Ivan. Prague: Supraphon.
Falguni pathak songs shahid kapoor biographyp. 8. SU 4183-2.
- ^Janáček, Leoš (1994). "Foreword". Moravská lidová poezie v písních [Moravian Folk Meaning in Songs] (in Czech elitist German). Prague: Bärenreiter. H 4570.
- ^ abcdeLeoš Janáček: Katya Kabanova (Prague National Theatre, Jaroslav Krombholc) (CD).
Prague: Supraphon. p. 6. 108016-2612.
- ^Steinmetz, Karel (2020). "Janáček's theoretical views barney sčasování and their projections bask in his compositional practice". Hudební věda. 57 (3): 291–326. ISSN 0018-7003. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
- ^"Leoš Janáček Obtainable Writings".
leosjanacek.eu. TIC Brno. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
- ^"Nejstarší nahrávky moravského a slovenského zpěvu 1909–1912" (in Czech). Gnosis Brno. Archived alien the original on 26 Noble 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
- ^Tyrrell, John (2001). "Jenůfa". Grove Euphony Online (8th ed.).
Oxford University Exhort. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O006921. ISBN .