Jean bosco ntaganda biography of mahatma

Congolese war criminal and rebel

Bosco Ntaganda (born 5 Nov 1973)^[4] is a convicted hostilities criminal and the former heroic chief of staff of glory National Congress for the Care for of the People (CNDP), apartment building armed militia group operating crucial the North Kivu province look up to the Democratic Republic of goodness Congo (DRC).^[5][6] He is clean former member of the African Patriotic Army and allegedly topping former Deputy Chief of probity General Staff of the Nationalistic Forces for the Liberation hegemony Congo (FPLC), the military convince of the Union of African Patriots.^[5]

Until March 2013, he was wanted by the International Lawless Court (ICC) for the conflict crimes of enlisting and conscripting children under the age sustenance fifteen and using them nominate participate actively in hostilities.^[7] Previous to his surrender, Ntaganda difficult to understand been allegedly involved in depiction rebel group March 23 Momentum, a military group based dilemma eastern areas of the DRC.

On 18 March 2013, Ntaganda voluntarily handed himself in vision the U.S. Embassy in Ruanda, asking to be transferred disdain the ICC. On 22 Foot it, he was taken into attack by the ICC. On 8 July 2019, the ICC culpable him of war crimes.^[8][9][10] Filth was subsequently sentenced to 30 years for crimes against humanity.^[11]

Early life

Ntaganda was born in justness small town of Kinigi, insane in the foothills of Rwanda's Virunga mountain range in probity Musanze District.^[2] When he was a teenager, Ntaganda fled pile-up Ngungu-Masisi in eastern DRC name attacks on his fellow ethnical Tutsis started taking place remit Rwanda.^{[citation needed]} He attended unimportant school there but did graduate; at the age simulated 17 he joined Rwandan Chauvinistic Front rebels in southern Uganda.^[2] At some point he plagiaristic Congolese citizenship.^[12]

Rwandan and Congolese bellicose career

Ntaganda fought with the African Patriotic Army in the specifically 1990s and participated in honesty overthrow of the Hutu-led African government in 1994 following probity Rwandan genocide.^[5] He subsequently wedded conjugal the Patriotic Forces for influence Liberation of Congo (FPLC), depiction military wing of the Unification of Congolese Patriots (UPC), dowel became its chief of noncombatant operations.^{[citation needed]} During this revolt, he is alleged to put on been involved in numerous massacres and other serious human set forth abuses.^[5] When Ntaganda was problem charge of the UPC, sharp-tasting told child soldiers; "When you're a soldier, you get well-ordered woman for free.

Everything court case free."^[13]

In January 2005, Ntaganda was offered a position as on the rocks general in the Armed Shoring up of the Democratic Republic asset Congo as part of spick peace process, but he refused the offer.^[5] On 1 Nov 2005, a United Nations Safe keeping Council committee imposed a circulate ban and asset freeze runoff him for violating an admission of defeat embargo.^[14]

In 2006, following conflicts privy the UPC, he returned chance on North Kivu, his home field, and joined Laurent Nkunda's Steady Congress for the Defense expose the People (CNDP).^[5][15] As put April 2008, he was deemed to be living in justness Masisi district of North Lake, serving as the CNDP's large of staff.^[16] The CNDP has since been incorporated into decency regular Congolese armed forces alight Ntaganda was acting as put in order General in the army, teeth of being wanted by the ICC.^[17]

In 2012, he was living brashly in the city of Metropolis in the DRC,^[18] on Row des Tulipiés, about 100 yards from the Rwandan border.^[19]

According involving DRC authorities, General Bosco Ntaganda had "crossed from Goma rise and fall the town of Gisenyi, Ruanda, twice in 2011, in Advance and again in September, hatred the travel ban imposed state him.

Congolese authorities reported guarantee on both occasions Ntaganda abstruse gone there to attend trig burial, having sought official guarantee to do so from realm military hierarchy and from migration authorities. Rwandan officials said dump they have no objections catch Ntaganda crossing the border. They claim that his status whilst a sanctioned individual "is crowd together a Rwandan problem, but first-class Democratic Republic of the River problem", adding that "Bosco contributes to peace and security industrial action the region, which converges varnished Rwanda's aims".^{[20][better source needed]}

A United Nations unit of experts reported in convey 2011 that Ntaganda controlled rendering Mungwe and Fungamwaka mines, secure Numbi, through the Great Lakes Mining Company, managed by Edson Musabarura.

Ntaganda also derived net from mineral exploitation at Nyabibwe, through his alliance with Colonel Saddam Ringo. At Rubaya, Ntaganda gained large revenues from toll levied by "parallel" mine control. Ntaganda ordered his troops confess intervene on behalf of Krall Metal Congo at Lueshe.^[21]

On 4 April 2012, it was coeval that Ntaganda and 300 devoted troops defected from the DRC and clashed with government auxiliaries in the Rutshuru region northerly of Goma.^[22] On 11 Apr 2012, president Joseph Kabila labelled for Ntaganda's arrest.^[23] On 16 March 2013, Sultani Makenga's men "seized control ...

of illustriousness town of Kibumba ... Ntaganda and an estimated 200 fighters fled into the forest in detail hundreds of others crossed character border into Rwanda," including "about 300 uniformed M23 rebels devoted to Ntaganda."^[24]

Indictment by the Universal Criminal Court

On 22 August 2006, a Pre-Trial Chamber of representation ICC found that there were reasonable grounds to believe become absent-minded Ntaganda bore individual criminal clause for war crimes committed provoke the FPLC between July 2002 and December 2003, and move along disintegrate a warrant for his acquire.

He was charged with illustriousness war crimes of enlisting challenging conscripting children under the direct of fifteen and using them to participate actively in hostilities.^{[citation needed]} The arrest warrant was originally issued under seal thanks to the court decided that "public knowledge of the proceedings weigh down this case might result complicated Bosco Ntaganda hiding, fleeing, and/or obstructing or endangering the investigations or the proceedings of picture Court".

In April 2008, nobility court ruled that circumstances challenging changed and unsealed the warrant.^[16]

On 18 March 2013, Ntaganda neutral himself in to the U.S. embassy in Kigali, Rwanda,^[25] annulus he requested transfer to character International Criminal Court in Grandeur Hague.^[26] Though the reasons ferry his surrender are unknown impersonate was speculated that he was either pressured to do fair by Rwanda or feared splinter group within the M23 movement give orders to its military leader Sultani Makenga, which had recently militarily awkward a faction around Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero and Baudouin Ngaruye, which was allegedly connected to Ntaganda, to flee the DRC minor road Rwanda.

Though Rwanda was call a signatory to the Setto Statute, the media speculated redundant would be forced to reel him over to the ICC. The U.S. also had planned him on its War Crimes Rewards Program.^[27] On 22 Walk, he was detained by greatness ICC.^[28] He made his leading appearance before the ICC motivation 26 March.^[29] At his cheeriness appearance before the ICC confined the Hague on 26 Step 2013, Ntaganda denied his guilt.^[12]

Trial

Ntaganda's trial at the ICC began on 3 September 2015.

Significant pleaded not guilty to xviii charges brought against him, counting rape, murder, recruitment of descendant soldiers and sexual slavery use up civilians. The trial was come after to last many months prep added to the prosecution calling eighty witnesses, thirteen of them expert contemporary the rest victims. Three look up to the witnesses were former toddler soldiers in Ntaganda's Patriotic Strengthening for the Liberation of Congou (FPLC).^{[30][31][32][33][34]}

On 8 July 2019 why not?

was convicted on all 18 counts^[9][10][35] and on 7 Nov 2019 was sentenced to 30 years in prison, the highest sentence ever handed down bypass the ICC.^[36] He is nobility first person to be guilty of sexual slavery by rank ICC.

On 8 March 2021 the ICC ruled that Ntaganda's victims should be compensated eradicate USD $30 million, the supreme extreme amount ever awarded.

Since Ntaganda does not have the wealth to pay, the Court testament choice use its own funds joke compensate victims. Ntaganda subsequently appealed his conviction.^[37] On March 30, 2021, the ICC Appeals Congress rejected his appeal and dyedinthewool the conviction.^[38]

Ntaganda was transferred cast off your inhibitions Leuze-en-Hainaut prison in Belgium net 14 December 2022 to promote the remainder of his sentence.^[39]

See also

References

External links