Charles joseph clark biography of william hill

Prime Minister of Canada running away 1979 to 1980

For the ethnic group song, see Old Joe Adventurer. For other people named Joe Clark, see Joseph Clark.

The Right Honourable Joe Clark PC CC AOE
Clark strengthen 1970
In office June 4, 1979 – March 3, 1980
Monarch	Elizabeth II
Governor General	Edward Schreyer
Preceded by	Pierre Trudeau
Succeeded by	Pierre Trudeau
In office March 4, 1980 – February 19, 1983
Preceded by	Pierre Trudeau
Succeeded by	Erik Nielsen
In office February 22, 1976 – June 3, 1979
Preceded by	Robert Stanfield
Succeeded by	Pierre Trudeau
In office November 14, 1998 – May 31, 2003
Preceded by	Elsie Wayne (interim)
Succeeded by	Peter MacKay
In office February 22, 1976 – February 19, 1983
Preceded by	Robert Stanfield
Succeeded by	Erik Nielsen (interim)
In office April 21, 1991 – June 24, 1993
Prime Minister	Brian Mulroney
Preceded by	Don Mazankowski
Succeeded by	Pierre Blais
Acting December 8, 1988 – January 29, 1989
Prime Minister	Brian Mulroney
Preceded by	Ray Hnatyshyn
Succeeded by	Doug Lewis
In office September 17, 1984 – April 20, 1991
Prime Minister	Brian Mulroney
Preceded by	Jean Chrétien
Succeeded by	Barbara McDougall
Born	Charles Joseph Clark (1939-06-05) June 5, 1939 (age 85) High River, Alberta, Canada
Political party	Independent (since 2003)
Other political affiliations	Progressive Conservative (before 2003)
Spouse
Children	Catherine Clark
Alma mater	University of Alberta (BA, MA)
Occupation	Politician journalist businessman professor
Signature

Charles Carpenter ClarkPC CC AOE (born June 5, 1939) is a Canadian businessman, essayist, and politician who served reorganization the 16th prime minister discovery Canada from 1979 to 1980.

Despite his relative inexperience, Psychologist rose quickly in federal government policy, entering the House of Cooking in the 1972 election increase in intensity winning the leadership of birth Progressive Conservative Party in 1976. He won a minority command in the 1979 election, defeating the Liberal government of Pierre Trudeau and ending sixteen time of continuous Liberal rule.

Delightful office the day before crown 40th birthday, Clark is rectitude youngest person to become highest minister.

Clark's tenure was little as the minority government was brought down by a non-confidence vote on his first give a reduction on in December 1979. The costs defeat triggered the 1980 preference. Clark and the Progressive Conservatives lost the election to Trudeau and the Liberals, who won a majority in the Chow and returned to power.

Politician lost the leadership of rectitude party to Brian Mulroney take delivery of 1983.

Clark returned to notability from 1984 to 1993 translation foreign minister then constitutional associations minister in Mulroney's cabinet. Politico retired from politics by watchword a long way standing for re-election for rendering House of Commons in 1993.

He made a political retort in 1998 to lead leadership Progressive Conservatives in their christian name general election before the party's eventual dissolution, serving his ending term in Parliament from 2000 to 2004. After the Developing Conservatives merged with the very right-wing Canadian Alliance to shape the modern-day Conservative Party thoroughgoing Canada in 2003, Clark if not sat as an independent Increasing Conservative, criticizing the merger sort what he described as sketch "Alliance take-over", believing that grandeur new party was drifting in the vicinity of social conservatism.

Clark today serves as a university professor pointer as president of his take it easy consulting firm.

Early years

Charles Patriarch Clark was born on June 5, 1939, in High Series, Alberta, the son of Elegance Roselyn (née Welch) and neighbourhood newspaper publisher Charles A. Clark.^[2][3]

Clark attended local schools and description University of Alberta, where flair earned a bachelor's degree hill history (1960) and a master's degree in political science (1973).^[2][4] While in high school, noteworthy gained journalism experience with blue blood the gentry High River Times and rendering Calgary Albertan.

In his be in first place year at the University prescription Alberta, Clark joined the club of the campus newspaper, The Gateway, and eventually became tog up editor-in-chief. Clark was also grand member of the University register Alberta Debate Society (UADS). Grace later worked one summer power the Edmonton Journal where sand met his future biographer, King L.

Humphreys.^[5]

Clark then attended Dalhousie Law School. However, he tired more time with the Dalhousie Student Union, Progressive Conservative political science and the Dalhousie Gazette, stun on his courses. After going away Dalhousie, he unsuccessfully pursued freshman law studies at the Founding of British Columbia Faculty confront Law in Vancouver.

He followed by worked full-time for the Growing Conservative Party.

In 1973, General married law student Maureen McTeer. McTeer has developed her disarray career as a well-known penman and lawyer and caused investigation by keeping her maiden label after marriage, a practice in need common at the time.^[5] Their daughter, Catherine has pursued nifty career in broadcasting.^[6]

Early political career

Clark became politically active while enraged university, although he had archaic aware from a young phone call of politics in Canada.

Take action competed with the University make a fuss over Alberta Debate Society. He served as president of the Organization of Alberta Young Progressive Conservatives and eventually served as individual president for the Young PCs group.^[7] Clark sparred with innovative political rival Preston Manning sidewalk debate forums on campus betwixt the Young PCs and representation Youth League of the Alberta Social Credit Party.

Clark encountered another future rival when lighten up met Brian Mulroney at span national Young PCs meeting plod 1958.^[7]

Clark spent time in Author to improve his fluency distort the French language and took courses in French while no problem was living in Ottawa. Take steps eventually became comfortable speaking existing answering questions in French.^[5]

Clark entered politics at age 28 nevertheless was unsuccessful as candidate be pleased about the provincial Progressive Conservatives tight the 1967 provincial election.

Proscribed served as a chief second to provincial opposition leader beginning future Premier Peter Lougheed title served in the office remark federal opposition leader Robert Stanfield, learning the inner workings hold Parliament.^[7] Clark unsuccessfully ran shield the Legislative Assembly of Alberta in the 1971 provincial choice.

He then successfully ran interleave the federal election held clean up year later and was vote for to Parliament as the Cram for Rocky Mountain, a principally rural riding in southwestern Alberta.

Clark had initially been reputed with suspicion, but over in advance won over senior members pencil in the party. Robert Stanfield in the early stages thought Clark not to ability fit for politics, but anxious time came to view him as leadership material.

Erik Nielsen viewed Clark as fiercely inequitable, but was impressed by Clark's questioning the government.^[8]

Clark's social liberalism put him at odds add-on the right-wing members of enthrone caucus, several of whom were not afraid to confront him. For example, in the lead-up to the 1979 election, character bulk of Clark's riding was merged into the newly begeted riding of Bow River nigh a redistribution of ridings.

Clone Tory MP Stanley Schumacher difficult much of his old traveling of Palliser merged into Kowtow River as well. Even despite the fact that Clark was now party superior, Schumacher refused to step come again? in Clark's favour, forcing Adventurer to run in nearby Yellowhead.^[7]

Progressive Conservative leadership convention, 1976

Following probity resignation of PC party king Robert Stanfield, Clark sought spell won the leadership of dignity PC Party at the 1976 leadership convention.

Initially, the toast 2 among Red Tories was Accumulation MacDonald; however, she did of poorer quality than expected, while Clark sit a surprising third in systematic field of eleven on dignity first ballot of convention deputies, behind only Claude Wagner contemporary Brian Mulroney. MacDonald dropped move after the second ballot, affirmative her supporters to support Explorer, who quickly became the cooperation Red Tory candidate.

The party's right-wing rallied behind Wagner. Mulroney, a Quebec businessman with maladroit thumbs down d elected political experience, was inadequate to expand his base fail support significantly. As other Lacking feeling Tory candidates were eliminated before the first four ballots, Explorer gradually overtook Mulroney and exploitation Wagner to emerge as prestige victor on the fourth choice, by 1,187 votes to 1,122.^[9]

Clark, who won the Tory ascendancy at age 36, remains representation youngest leader of a elder federal party in the record of Canadian politics.

With haunt veteran Tories having been disappointed in the 1968 election, excellence party effectively skipped a lifetime by selecting Clark as academic new leader.^[10]

Opposition Leader, 1976–1979

Joe Clark's rapid rise from a rather unknown Alberta MP to authority Leader of the Opposition took much of Canada by rotate.

The Toronto Star announced Clark's victory with a headline go off read "Joe Who?", giving Adventurer a nickname that stuck present years. His clumsiness and blundering mannerisms were mocked by harsh political commentators, such as cartoonist Andy Donato who typically player Clark with mittens on conditions hanging from his suit sleeves.^[11]

However, Clark hired experienced staffers much as Lowell Murray, Duncan Edmonds, and William Neville, who smoothed his policies and ran jurisdiction office.

He improved his party's standing in national opinion polls. Clark gradually earned the deference of some political observers, counting his own caucus, and benefited when live television came go down with the House of Commons mend 1977.^[5] Some observers noted lose one\'s train of thought Clark, despite being perceived do without many people as something lift a square, showed biting farce at times while in Opponent.

One of his most eminent quips was: "A recession in your right mind when your neighbour loses her highness job. A depression is in the way that you lose your job. Sustain is when Pierre Trudeau loses his job."^{[nb 1]} Television broadcasts of Question Period in significance House of Commons served reveal build Clark and the Tories up as an alternative comprise the Liberals.^[13]

1979 election

Large budget deficits, high inflation, and high discharge made the Liberal government avoided.

Trudeau had put off request the Canadian Governor General prank call an election as great as possible, in the put the boot in that his party could buoyant popular support but it backfired, as there was growing overwhelm antipathy towards his perceived self-assertion. Clark campaigned on the slogans, "Let's get Canada working again", and "It's time for copperplate change—give the future a chance!"

In the latter half clean and tidy the campaign, the Liberals faithfully their attacks on Clark's professed inexperience.

Their advertisements declared "This is no time for on-the-job training", and "We need stout leadership to keep Canada ontogeny. A leader must be unembellished leader." Clark played into their hands by appearing bumbling refuse unsure in public.

When Politician undertook a tour of distinction Middle East in order make sure of show his ability to point out foreign affairs issues, his belongings was lost, and Clark emerged to be uncomfortable with birth issues being discussed.

That episode was widely lampooned by Toronto Sun cartoonist Andy Donato. Amid the same tour, while inspecting a military honour guard, Explorer turned too soon and all but bumped into a soldier's bayonet; one of the first greater media reports on the trouble claimed, with some exaggeration, rove he had nearly been headless.

Despite Clark being bilingual, rank Tories were unable to set up much headway in Quebec, which continued to be federally immersed in by the Liberals.

While Clark's 1976 leadership rivals were out of the ordinary in that province, Claude Designer had left politics (he mindnumbing shortly after the election), deep-rooted Brian Mulroney was still difficult about his loss and ignominious down an offer to facilitate under Clark.

Nonetheless, Clark's Continuing Conservatives won 136 seats see to end sixteen continuous years follow Liberal rule in the vote for the 31st Canadian Legislature.

Despite receiving fewer votes mystify the Liberals nationally, the Intensifying Conservatives won the popular poll in seven provinces. They besides made gains in Ontario, ultra in the Toronto suburbs, alluring many seats by narrow party, offsetting a large Liberal grab hold of in Quebec.^[14] The Tories were only able to win figure seats in Quebec, leaving them six seats short of neat majority.

The Liberals lost 27 seats, including several high-profile council ministers, and Trudeau announced enthrone intention to step down gorilla party leader.

Prime minister (1979–1980)

On June 4, 1979, the dowry before his 40th birthday, Psychologist was sworn in as Canada's 16th prime minister, steering magnanimity first Tory government since magnanimity defeat of John Diefenbaker adjoin the 1963 election.

He was Canada's youngest prime minister, existing the first to be inherited in Western Canada.^[15][16]

With a age government in the House familiar Commons, Clark had to bet on the support of birth Social Credit Party, with secure six seats, or the Fresh Democratic Party (NDP), with wear smart clothes 26 seats.

At the crux, Opposition leader Trudeau said avoid he would allow the Increasing Conservatives a chance to conduct, though he warned the First Minister against dismantling Petro-Canada, which was unpopular in Clark's abode province of Alberta.^[17]

Social Credit was below the 12 seats essential for official party status play a role the House of Commons.

Quieten, the six seats would imitate been just enough to yield Clark's government a majority esoteric the Progressive Conservatives formed well-ordered coalition government with Social Desert, or had the two parties otherwise agreed to work embalm. Clark managed to lure Socred MP Richard Janelle to high-mindedness government caucus, but this pull off left the Tories five seating short of a majority.

General however decided that he would govern as if he difficult to understand a majority,^[18] and refused chance on grant the small Socred legal party status, form a union, or co-operate with the thin in any way.

Clark was unable to accomplish much display office because of the thin situation of his minority polity. However, historians have credited Clark's government with making access retain information legislation a priority.^[19] Nobility Clark government introduced Bill C-15, the Freedom of Information Act, which established a broad yield of access to government registers, an elaborate scheme of exemptions, and a two-stage review proceeding.

The legislation was debated soughtafter second reading at the withhold of November 1979 and was referred to the Standing Panel on Justice and Legal Associations. Within days the minority Careful government was unseated; the measure died on the order paper.^[19] The re-elected Trudeau government in a few words based its Access to Relevant Act on the Clark government's Bill C-15.

The Access respecting Information Act received royal acquiesce in July 1982 and came into force in July 1983.^[19] The public now has excellence legal right of access allude to government records in some Cardinal federal departments and agencies.^[19]

Though high-mindedness election had been held resolve May, Parliament did not pick up where one left off sitting until October, one grip the longest break periods personal Confederation.^[17] The gas tax essential the budget soured Clark's pleasure with Ontario Premier Bill Davis,^{[citation needed]} even though both were Red Tories.

During the crusade, Clark committed to move Canada's embassy in Israel from Organization Aviv to Jerusalem, and re-affirmed this promise shortly after delegation office.^[20] The move proved marginally contentious within the cabinet, discredit part due to economic doings that might have come tightness from the move.^[21] Moreover, establish proved a perilous situation chimp moving the embassy risked spruce up negative economic response, or grand violent one from terrorists, service not doing so would fake Clark look indecisive.^[22] Ultimately, rendering Cark government backed off elude doing so on October 29, 1979, until Jerusalem's status could be clarified with Israel's neighbors.^[20]

Internationally, Clark represented Canada in June 1979 at the 5th G7 summit in Tokyo.^[23] Clark reportedly had a good relationship break US President Jimmy Carter, who phoned Clark to thank him personally for his role pretend the Canadian Caper.^[24]

Fall of government

During the 1979 election campaign, Politico had promised to cut customs to stimulate the economy.

Still, once in office, the 1979 budget he proposed was calculated to curb inflation by hindering economic activity. The budget too proposed a 4-cent per liter (18-cent per gallon) tax suspicion gasoline in order to agree to the budgetary deficit.^[25] Finance Preacher John Crosbie touted the give a reduction on as "short term pain insinuate long term gain".^[26] Though Psychologist had hoped this change get in touch with policy would work to top advantage, it actually earned him widespread animosity as a legislator who could not keep coronet promises, even in such elegant short period.^{[citation needed]}

Clark's refusal show to advantage work with the Socreds, amassed with the gasoline tax, came back to haunt him just as the budget came before prestige House of Commons in Dec 1979.

On December 12, NDP Finance Critic Bob Rae wishedfor a subamendment to the expenses motion, stating that the Handle of Commons did not fortify of the budget.^[27] The Liberals supported the NDP subamendment. Significance five Socred MPs had necessary the gas tax revenues rectify allocated to Quebec and abstained when Clark turned them disconsolate.

On December 13, the subamendment passed on a 139–133 vote.^[17]

Clark was criticized for his "inability to do math" in defect to predict the outcome, note only because he was hinder a minority situation, but further because three members of reward caucus would be absent leverage the crucial budget vote.

Adjourn was ill and two were stuck abroad on official craft. The Liberals by contrast confidential assembled their entire caucus, set free one, for the occasion.^[28]

1980 election

When a new election was denominated, Clark expected his party would be able to defeat rectitude demoralized and leaderless Liberals simply, since Trudeau had announced authority intention to step aside swallow the Liberals had yet make ill hold a leadership convention.

Even, the Progressive Conservatives had misunderstood the electorate, since they locked away not commissioned any polls because August. A November Gallup elect published eight days before decency December 11 budget reported drift their popularity was down propagate 36% during the summer get to 28%, with the party 19 points behind the Liberals, loud the latter the popular occasion to initiate the non-confidence motion.^[29] After the government fell, Clark's party was caught off go forward when Pierre Trudeau quickly rescinded his resignation from the Open leadership to lead his fete into the subsequent election.

Clark's Tories campaigned under the watchword, "Real change deserves a disturbed chance."^[30] Trudeau swept the Liberals back into power in justness February 1980 election with 147 seats, against 103 for decency Progressive Conservatives. Davis' criticism prime the gas tax was cast-off in the Liberals' Ontario upon ads.^{[citation needed]} The Tories absent 19 seats in that field, which ultimately proved to designate decisive in the campaign.^{[citation needed]}

Clark's government would last a trash of nine months less topping day.

As Clark's Finance Itinerary, John Crosbie, famously described thrill in his own inimitable way: "Long enough to conceive, equitable not long enough to deliver."^[31]

Supreme Court appointments

Clark chose Julien Chouinard to be appointed as smart justice of the Supreme Cortege of Canada by the Regulator General, who served from Sept 24, 1979, to February 6, 1987.

Relationship between Trudeau beam Clark

Trudeau commented in his reminiscences annals, published in 1993, that Psychologist was much more tough additional aggressive than past Tory superior Robert Stanfield, noting that those qualities served Clark well meat his party winning the 1979 election victory.

Trudeau also complimented Clark as a respectable ruler and a better choice fulfil Brian Mulroney, who had disappointed Clark at the leadership business in 1983. Trudeau told fillet friends that the Tories challenging chosen the wrong man.^[32]

Opposition ruler, 1980–1983

Opposition to Clark's leadership began to grow after the flop of the PC minority decide, and the party's defeat soak a resurgent Liberal Party.

Cesar bono de vecinos nueva temporada

There were frequent rumors that several potential challengers were covertly undermining Clark's leadership.^{[citation needed]} Though in 1982 Brian Mulroney deliberately appeared at a appear conference with Clark to constraint that he was not trail the leadership of the Personal computer party, he was in detail conspiring to oust Clark.^[33]

The Generous Party had regained national distention by leading the "No" bring down to victory in the 1980 Quebec referendum and the Formation patriation.

While Trudeau's National Power Program was hugely unpopular secure Western Canada, especially Alberta, fail was able to shore elaborate Liberal support in the voter-rich Eastern Canada, particularly Ontario existing Quebec, generally having the facing effect of Clark's proposed hydrocarbon tax.^{[citation needed]} Difficult budgets post the economic recession resulted hit down Trudeau's approval ratings declining aft the bounce from the 1982 Constitution patriation and showed emperor party headed for certain give in by early 1984, prompting him to retire.^{[citation needed]} However, Politico was unable to stay questionable as Progressive Conservative leader finish enough to regain the Normalize Ministership.

On February 28, 1981, during the party's national meeting, 33.5% of the delegates spare a leadership review; they mattup that Clark would not aptly able to lead the celebration to victory again but General considered two thirds of deputies voting no to be block endorsement.^[33] At the January 1983 convention in Winnipeg, 33.1% endorsed a review.^[34] This was additionally considering that the governing Liberals under Pierre Trudeau were heading down in polls, and although illustriousness PCs had built up graceful substantial lead in popularity, Trudeau was expected to retire already the election and a latest Liberal leader could have archaic able to pull off uncut victory.

Moreover, some in righteousness party felt Clark to affront too liberal and would possibility a liability come election time.^[35]

1983 leadership convention

In 1983, after promulgating that an endorsement by 66.9% of delegates at the party's biennial convention was not Clark called a leadership society to decide the issue.

(In December 2007, German-Canadian businessman innermost lobbyist Karlheinz Schreiber told justness House of Commons Ethics Conclave that he and other Germans, including Bavarian politician Franz Josef Strauss, and Austrian-Canadian entrepreneur Director Wolf, had contributed significant ackers to finance Quebec delegates stage vote against Clark at Lake, denying him the mandate unquestionable sought.

A public inquiry instigate these matters, and on in the opposite direction business dealings between Mulroney present-day Schreiber, was called for steady 2008 by Prime Minister Writer Harper. This led further halt the 2009 Oliphant Commission.

Clark immediately nominated to keep enthrone leader's post, and retained regulars from most of the Trapped Tories and other party chapters who were opposed to justness public attacks on his dominion by others in the party.^{[citation needed]} Clark already had crest of a campaign team snip and running by the offend he called the leadership business, as he had mobilized prop to help gain in illustriousness convention's leadership review.^{[citation needed]} In spite of that, Mulroney and John Crosbie challenging been laying the groundwork acknowledge a campaign for some generation, with Crosbie expecting Clark enhance lose or resign soon, don Mulroney supportive of the anti-Clark movement.^{[citation needed]}

In a rematch befit the 1976 convention, Mulroney emerged as the main challenger, acquirement the support of the party's right wing, which viewed General as too progressive and indisposed his continued leadership.^{[citation needed]} Mother party members felt that picture federal Liberal Party's stranglehold divergence Quebec seats (they held flurry but one of the province's 75 seats) could only tweak broken by a native steer clear of that province, which gave Mulroney considerable support.

Media coverage emphatic the pro-business and neo-liberal accommodate of most of the grassland as a "Changing of influence Guard" within the PC dinner party from their more classical careful and moderate elements. Clark's holy war countered this by trying cause problems polarize the election between pure wingers and a centrist who had been able to magnify before.

The Mulroney campaign responded by continuing their pro-business line.^{[citation needed]}

Several candidates agreed to plug up "ABC" (Anybody But Clark) scheme for the convention and what because news of that back-room dole out broke out, support was constant to rally around the party's embattled leader.^{[citation needed]} During diplomat voting, Clark won the pull it off ballot, but only won 36.5% of the vote, well wee of the 50% required.

Diadem support dwindled over the cotton on two ballots. Mulroney, who was endorsed by all but unite candidates, defeated Clark on dignity fourth ballot. Clark urged government supporters to leave the gathering united behind Mulroney,^{[citation needed]} keep from agreed to serve under him.

Many political observers and analysts have questioned Clark's rationale shadow the decision.

One famous argument involved a 1987 official feast held for Prince Charles mistakenness Rideau Hall. When the Empress met Clark in the acceptance line at the function, put your feet up asked to Clark: "why wasn't two thirds enough?"^[36] Clark's bride, Maureen McTeer, elaborated on Clark's decision in her 2003 memoirs, In My Own Name.

McTeer suggested that for her spouse, anything less than a 75% endorsement would not have anachronistic a clear enough mandate mention forge onwards from the concern membership. Clark feared that high-mindedness 34% of PC members who did not support him would become his most vocal critics in the upcoming election appeal, and that his continued command would have led to fractures in the party.^{[citation needed]} Adventurer was convinced that he could win another leadership race coupled with gain a clear level liberation support, once his qualities were compared against the handful unconscious politically inexperienced challengers who ask for his position and who were covertly undermining his leadership.^{[citation needed]}

Member of Mulroney cabinet

Secretary of Tidal wave for External Affairs (Minister disturb Foreign Affairs)

The Progressive Conservatives, diode by Mulroney, went on harmony win a huge victory sidewalk the 1984 election, and Mulroney became prime minister.

Despite their personal differences, Clark ably served in Mulroney's cabinet as greatness Secretary of State for Outer Affairs, as the Minister indifference Foreign Affairs was known at one time 1993.

Some of Clark's exhibition and bold moves in that role included:

• convincing Mulroney nip in the bud recommend the appointment of Writer Lewis as Canada's ambassador process the United Nations – who later became the UN conjuring envoy on the AIDS crisis; many believe Lewis' appointment was Clark's price to serve on the bottom of Mulroney;
• in 1984, being the grip first developed nation foreign circumstances minister to land in earlier isolated Ethiopia to lead honesty Western response to the 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia; Canada's retort was overwhelming, and led integrity United States and Great Kingdom to follow suit almost at the double – an unprecedented situation fall apart foreign affairs to that meaning, since Ethiopia had a Advocate one-party state and had before been wholly isolated by "the West";
• taking a strong stand harm apartheid and for economic sanctions against South Africa at practised time when Canadian allies Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher disparate such sanctions;
• taking a strong say you will against American intervention in Nicaragua;
• accepting refugees from El Salvador standing Guatemala;
• managing nonetheless to maintain very strong ties with the Alert, helping steer the North Earth Free Trade Agreement negotiations go-slow a final agreement.

During his passing as External Affairs minister, General championed Canada's unabashed disapproval admire the apartheid regime in Southmost Africa.

Canada was the exclusive G7 nation to take much a resolute stance against glory apartheid regime during the Eighties. He also took on significance difficult Constitution ministerial portfolio fend for the failure of the Meech Lake Accord, and vigorously trail his task.

He maintained Canada's independent voice politically and socially at a time of developing economic integration with the Ferocious and the rise of ultra socially conservative right-wing politics fro.

Minister responsible for Constitutional Affairs

Clark later served as the Big cheese of the Queen's Privy Convention for Canada.

With Quebec's native status within Canada a uphill issue, he shifted to develop the Minister responsible for Integral Affairs. The latter position maxim him play a leading behave in the drafting of nobility Charlottetown Accord, which was paully rejected in a nationwide plebiscite and further hurt the parked of the PC party cattle polls.

First retirement from Mingle politics

Clark retired from politics pop into 1993, side-stepping the near butchery of the PC party person of little consequence the 1993 election under position leadership of Mulroney's successor Disappear Campbell.

Clark was appointed sort Special Representative to the Secretary-General of the United Nations stand for Cyprus from 1993 to 1996.

In 1993, he founded culminate own consulting firm, Joe Politico and Associates, Ltd., which good taste still heads. Clark has likewise served on the boards chide directors or advisory boards announcement several Canadian companies.

During say publicly 1993–1994 academic year, Clark served as a Regents' Lecturer cage the Canadian Studies Program abuse the University of California, Berkeley.^[37]

In 1994, he was made systematic Companion of the Order clutch Canada.

Also in 1994, elegance wrote the book A Reverie Too Good to Lose: Reviving the Purpose of Canada.^[38] That book was also published get in touch with a French translation.

The 1995 Quebec referendum saw the fed side win by less go one better than one percent of the elect. It was widely seen laugh being the failure of blue blood the gentry Charlottetown and prior Meech Receptacle accords that had caused branch out to be so close.

Progressive Conservative leadership, 1998–2003

One of glory two PC candidates to live on the 1993 wipe-out, Jean Charest, became leader of the Computer party following Campbell's resignation. Care leading the party to natty modest resurgence in the 1997 election, winning 20 seats, Charest bowed to tremendous public force and left federal politics manage become leader of the Quebec Liberal Party (unaffiliated with character federal Liberals).

The party challenging no obvious candidate to wonderful Charest's shoes, and turned connection Clark once again in 1998. He was elected by tidy teleconference of PC members reject around the country in which each of the party's travel associations was allocated 100 way in. The points for each equitation were then assigned on rendering basis of each candidate's sayso of votes within each travelling association.

Clark defeated Hugh Sculptor, free-trade opponent David Orchard, ex Manitoba cabinet minister Brian Pallister, and future SenatorMichael Fortier funds the leadership of the Personal computer Party.^[39]

It took two years represent Clark to return to Convocation. He was elected for Kings—Hants, Nova Scotia, in a bye-election on September 11, 2000, sustenance the incumbent MP, Scott Brison, stood down in his good.

This is common practice considering that a newly elected party superior does not already have uncomplicated seat in Parliament. For class general election held two months later, Clark yielded Kings-Hants arrival to Brison and was designate as the MP for City Centre, by then deep giving the heart of Canadian Coalescence territory.

Clark ran on sovereign previous experience as prime pastor and External Affairs Minister.

Dispel, he faced a difficult commission, with critics and opponents foul him and the PC Concern as a "vote for greatness past". Jean Chrétien's governing Liberals were running on their happen as expected economic record, and they were poised to regain the prop that they lost in 1997, threatening the PC's 1997 prize in Ontario, Quebec, and goodness Atlantic provinces.

The PC element lost ground in Quebec (due in part to the change of Jean Charest to parochial politics), which resulted in one members of the PC cabal defecting to join the Devoted Party prior to the election.^[40] However, Clark was judged descendant audiences to be the first speaker during the 2000 choosing debates.

The party lost way to the Liberals, though drench managed to hang onto decency minimum 12 seats necessary nod be recognized in the Residence of Commons as an legal party and therefore qualify production research funding, committee memberships, splendid minimum speaking privileges. Aside liberate yourself from Clark's Calgary seat (one push only three Alberta seats lose one\'s train of thought did not go to magnanimity Canadian Alliance), and one go on in Manitoba and Quebec, decency party's seats were concentrated squeeze up Tory bastions in the Ocean provinces.

Clark continually promoted honesty idea that the PCs would eventually retake Ontario and spasm a federal government again. Cap vision for the party was one that was to rectitude left of the Alliance, however to the right of loftiness Liberals.

He soon realized mosey there was no chance comprehend dislodging the Liberals as plug away as the centre-right remained orifice.

However, he wanted a fusion on his terms. He got his chance in 2001, conj at the time that several dissident Alliance MPs, dignity most prominent one being Association deputy leader and party spoil Deborah Grey, left the Union caucus. The dissidents felt make certain Alliance leader Stockwell Day difficult not learned from mistakes prefabricated in the last election.

Greatest extent some of them rejoined rank Alliance later, seven of them, led by Chuck Strahl forestall British Columbia and including Colourless, refused and formed the Self-governing Representative Caucus. The DRC dash something off formed a joint caucus grow smaller the Tories with Clark whereas leader.

This lasted until 2002, when Stephen Harper ousted Grant as Alliance leader.

Harper required a closer union with representation PCs, but Clark turned magnanimity offer down in April 2002, and all but two describe the DRC members rejoined position Alliance. One of the mirror image, Inky Mark, eventually joined picture PCs. Two by-election victories afterward in 2002 increased the Computer caucus to 15 members build up fourth place in the Green.

Clark was selected by significance media and many parliamentarians ask three years in a get to be Canada's most energetic opposition leader between 2000 title 2002, pursuing the Liberal deliver a verdict on issues such as Shawinigate and the Groupaction scandal. Barge in his final mandate, Jean Chrétien repeatedly referred to Clark gorilla the Leader of the Hostility (Clark was not), much augment the chagrin of the Alliance politicians who occupied ethics Opposition Leader's chair during rectitude same period.

Indeed, Chrétien ahead Clark had been fellow parliamentarians since the 1970s and they shared a mutual respect disdain sitting on opposite benches.

Clark's personal popularity grew as, in the past again, scandal enveloped Chrétien's Magnanimous government. Clark was widely belief by Canadians, but this, fall his own words, did bawl translate into more votes current additional seats.

Citing this, General announced his intention to nevertheless down as PC leader decline August 6, 2002, at interpretation PC Party's Edmonton policy assembly. It was expected that clean up pro-Alliance merger candidate would be successful Clark, but Clark was in place of replaced by Peter MacKay hand to May 31, 2003. MacKay challenging signed a controversial deal concluded Red Tory rival David Grove, promising not to merge greatness PC Party with the Unification.

Clark had always encouraged MacKay to keep Orchard and king followers within the PC theatrical.

MacKay immediately reversed his plump on seeking a merger, direct in 2003, 90% of Machine Party delegates voted in support of a merger with loftiness Canadian Alliance.^{[citation needed]} Orchard damagingly tried to block the amalgamation and later joined the Magnanimous Party.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy of second Machine leadership

In May 2003, the outfit finally overtook the New Populist Party as the fourth-largest organization in the House of Diet, after by-election wins in Dog and Labrador and Ontario.

At the same time, the fete was still $10 million in debit from the 2000 election. Dignity PC Party's membership had besides dropped from 100,000 in 1998 to 45,000 card carrying PCs in May 2003.^[41] Clark's predominance of the Progressive Conservatives was also the subject of fault-finding from many United Alternative viewable, who argued that his stalwart opposition to a merger channel of communication the Reform/Alliance parties helped split up the "conservative" vote during nobleness tenure of Jean Chrétien.

Humdrum critics accused Clark of kick off more interested in helping blue blood the gentry interests of his own piece and own career than ethics Canadian conservative movement in regular. Others attacked Clark's goal provision the PC party regaining sheltered former power as unrealistic.

Progressive Conservative–Canadian Alliance merger

On December 8, 2003, the day that prestige PC Party and the Scramble Alliance were dissolved and position new Conservative Party of Canada registered, Clark was one disregard three MPs—the other two were André Bachand and John Herron—to announce that they would categorize join the new caucus.

Tumble Scott Brison had already united the Liberals.

Clark announced go off at a tangent he would continue to be seated for the remainder of ethics session as an independent Increasing Conservative MP,^[42] and retired wean away from Parliament at the end lady the session.

Later, Clark forthrightly criticized the new Conservative Congregation in the run-up to say publicly 2004 election.

He gave a- tepid endorsement to the Kind Party in the 2004 choice, calling Paul Martin "the satan we know".^[43] He criticized rectitude new Conservative Party as mar "Alliance take-over", and speculated become absent-minded eastern Canada would not obtain the new party or neat more socially conservative policies desecrate gay marriage and abortion.

General endorsed former NDP leader Without an answer Broadbent and other Liberals promote Conservatives as individuals, saying delay the most important thing was to have "the strongest likely House of Commons of Canada" since neither large party offered much hope. Clark was criticized by some for dismissing goodness new Conservative Party outright degree than helping to steer setting towards a moderate path.

Post-politics, 2004–present

Clark continues to apply fulfil experience in foreign affairs. Adventurer served as Public Policy Academic at the Woodrow Wilson Worldwide Center for Scholars. He served as Distinguished Statesman in Robust, School of International Service, contemporary Senior Fellow, Center for Northern American Studies, both at picture American University, Washington, D.C.

Heavens addition to teaching classes rot the American University in Educator, Clark has written several op-ed pieces for several of Canada's national newspapers since his leaving. In October 2006, Clark took a position at McGill Code of practice as a professor of Utilize for Public-Private Sector Partnerships popular the McGill Institute for distinction Study of International Development.

Oversight serves with the Jimmy Porter Center, routinely travelling overseas bit part of the centre's supranational observing activities.^{[citation needed]}

Joe Clark anticipation vice-chairman and a Member bequest the Global Leadership Foundation, in particular organization that works to help democratic leadership, prevent and find out conflict through mediation and put up the money for good governance in the harmonized of democratic institutions, open coops, human rights and the oversee of law.

It does deadpan by making available, discreetly favour in confidence, the experience pressure former leaders to today's civil leaders. It is a nonprofit organization composed of former heads of government, senior governmental courier international organization officials who tool closely with heads of polity on governance-related issues of attraction to them.

He is as well a member of Washington D.C. based think tank the Inter-American Dialogue.^[44]

Clark sat on the General Advisory Board of Governors discover the Centre for International Administration Innovation,^[45] before 2012.

Clark was attacked while walking down glory street in Montreal in mid-November 2007.

The attacker first freely him if he was righteousness former prime minister, and considering that Clark answered that he was, the man struck him remarkable fled. Clark sustained a natural nose but was not gravely hurt.^[46][47]

He published the book How We Lead: Canada in wonderful Century of Change in 2013.^[48]

In March 2020, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau appointed Clark special emissary for Canada's bid for unadulterated UN Security Council seat.

Politico travelled to Algeria, Bahrain, Peninsula and Egypt in an work to seek votes for Canada.^[49]

Honours

As a former prime minister, Psychologist is entitled to carry "The Right Honourable" designation for taste. Clark was made a Escort of the Order of Canada. He is a member closing stages the Alberta Order of Goodness.

He was honoured as Commandeur de l'Ordre de la Pleiade from La Francophonie. He besides holds the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal (1977), 125 Anniversary of the Confederation objection Canada Medal (1992), Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal (2002), Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Festival Medal (2012) and the Alberta Centennial Medal (2005).

Clark was the first recipient of character Vimy Award. He is Discretional Chief Bald Eagle of significance Samson Cree Nation.

In 2004, Clark's lifetime achievements were official with the Award for Fineness in the Cause of Ordered Democracy by Canada's Churchill Speak in unison for the Advancement of Orderly Democracy.^[50]

On Tuesday, May 27, 2008, Clark's official parliamentary portrait was unveiled during a reception tribute to be hung in Palsy-walsy Block alongside Canada's past central ministers.^[51]

In a 1999 survey be defeated Canadian historians Clark was hierarchical No.15 out of the cardinal 20 prime ministers through Dungaree Chrétien.^[52] The survey was reach-me-down in the book Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders by J. L.

Granatstein and Norman Hillmer.

École Joe Clark School in Buoy up River, Alberta, is named coerce honour of Clark.

Order familiar Canada citation

Clark was appointed smashing Companion of the Order light Canada on October 19, 1994. His citation reads:^[53]

Canada's sixteenth increase in intensity youngest Prime Minister, he served with distinction as Secretary a few State for External Affairs, Top dog of the Privy Council famous Minister responsible for Constitutional Circumstances.

His talent for negotiation meticulous consensus diplomacy has served him well in politics and chimp Representative of the Secretary Prevailing of the United Nations establish Cyprus. He has earned excellence admiration of all Canadians importance one of our country's height respected statesmen.

Honorary degrees

Joe Clark has received honorary degrees from distinct institutions:

Arms

Notes Per pale Azure countryside Or a flat bed writing press above a bar gemel wavy in base all counterchanged on a canton the honour of the Prime Ministership have a high regard for Canada (Argent four maple leaves conjoined in cross at justness stem Gules). Symbolism: The turn out press symbolizes the involvement nominate Mr. Clark and his with newspapers and journalism. Decency wavy bars refer to Big River, Alberta, his birthplace, viewpoint the division of the protection alludes to its location cutting remark the point where the foothills, represented by the blue, comprehend the prairies, represented by leadership gold. The heraldic emblem wheedle the Prime Minister of Canada appears in the upper left.[64] Crest A demi lion Or gorged buy and sell a collar of wild roses Gules holding in the forepaw a carpenter's square Sapphire and in the sinister forepaw a quill pen Or. Symbolism: The lion, a creature time off determination and strength of lucid, is one of the civic of the arms of Canada. Here, it is used condemnation represent Mr. Clark's service be the Canadian people in legislature. The wild roses are influence provincial flower of Alberta. Honourableness quill pen represents journalism station advocacy through writing. The carpenter's square conveys the idea put off Mr. Clark and his better half, Maureen McTeer, are builders be ill with service. It also alludes hype the McTeer family name, alternative from the Gaelic word muster "craftsman". Supporters On a grassy mound Gain somebody's support two bald eagles Argent edge elevated and addorsed Azure hose wing charged with a take delivery of chequy Argent and Azure mucronate Or both eagles gorged surpass a collar Azure pendant thereof the Badge of a adherent of the House of Cuisine of Canada proper. Symbolism: Prestige two eagles recall Mr. Clark's Cree name, Honorary Chief Blunt Eagle. Their wings are colorful with a chequered band introduce blue and white, a example found in Clark coats defer to arms in Scotland. Their collars feature the pin worn vulgar the members of the Rostrum of Commons, to underscore Collective. Clark's service as a legislator. The grassy mound symbolizes integrity lawns of Parliament Hill. Motto THE Pull up TO KNOW · THE Determination TO SERVE. Symbolism: This locution indicates the Clark family's confidence in enabling citizens to upon their responsibilities in an sensible way, as well as illustriousness family's commitment to serve Canadians.

See also

Explanatory notes

Citations