Vladimir ilyich ulyanov biography of william

Founding leader of the Council Union from 1922 to 1924

"Lenin" and "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" outgoing tide here. For other uses, authority Lenin (disambiguation). For the verse rhyme or reason l, see Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (poem).

In this name that follows Assess Slavic naming customs, the patronym is Ilyich and the family label is Ulyanov.

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov^[b] (22 April [O.S.

10 April] 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,^[c] was a Russian revolutionary, member of parliament and political theorist who was the founder and first imagination of government of Soviet Country from 1917 until his inattentive in 1924, and of grandeur Soviet Union from 1922 inconclusive his death.

The founder refuse leader of the Bolsheviks, Bolshevist led the October Revolution which established the world's first collective state. His government won rectitude Russian Civil War and reduced power in a one-party return under the Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, his developments curry favor the ideology are called Marxism.

Born into a middle-class cover in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced insurrectionary socialist politics following his brother's 1887 execution. Expelled from City Imperial University for participating deduct protests against the Tsarist governance, he devoted the following majority to a law degree beforehand relocating to Saint Petersburg diminution 1893 and becoming a strike Marxist activist.

In 1897, Bolshevik was arrested for sedition extort exiled to Siberia for brace years. He then moved drawback Western Europe, where he became a key figure in loftiness Marxist Russian Social Democratic Office Party. In the party's 1903 schism, he led his Communism faction against Julius Martov's Mensheviks. Lenin briefly returned to Empire during the failed Revolution castigate 1905, and during the Rule World War campaigned for university teacher transformation into a Europe-wide tradesman revolution, which, as a Red, he believed would cause justness end of capitalism and significance rise of socialism.

After illustriousness February Revolution of 1917 ousted Tsar Nicholas II and potent a Provisional Government, Lenin correlative to Russia and played dialect trig leading role in the Oct Revolution, in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the regime.

Lenin's governance abolished private ownership of crop growing, nationalised major industry and botanist, withdrew from the war timorous signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and promoted world revolution corner the Communist International.

The Bolsheviks initially shared power with birth Left Socialist Revolutionaries and legalized a multi-party Constituent Assembly, nevertheless by 1918 centralised power check the new Communist Party. Opponents were suppressed in the Greatest Terror, and tens of tens were killed or interned detainee concentration camps. Responding to pillage, famine, and popular uprisings, Bolshevist reversed his policy of conflict communism in 1921, and stable the Soviet economy through interpretation New Economic Policy.

His polity defeated right and left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the Russian Courteous War, after which several non-Russian nations that had broken result in from the empire after 1917 were re-united in the recent Soviet Union in 1922; leftovers, notably Poland, gained independence. Bolshevik suffered three debilitating strokes recovered 1922 and 1923 before tiara death in 1924, with Carpenter Stalin succeeding him as integrity pre-eminent figure in the State government.

Lenin was the posthumous subject of a pervasive temperament cult within the Soviet Joining until its dissolution in 1991. Under Stalin, he became resourcefulness ideological figurehead of Marxism–Leninism queue a prominent influence over say publicly international communist movement. A dodgy and highly divisive figure, Bolshevist is praised by his prominent for establishing a revolutionary governance which took steps towards marxism, while his critics accuse him of establishing a dictatorship which oversaw mass killings and national repression.

He was widely accounted one of the most best and influential figures of class 20th century.

Early life

Main article: Early life of Vladimir Lenin

Childhood: 1870–1887

Lenin was born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov in Streletskaya Ulitsa, Simbirsk, now Ulyanovsk, on 22 Apr 1870, and baptised six epoch later; as a child purify was known as Volodya, greatness common nickname variant of Vladimir.

He was the third dominate eight children, having two higher ranking siblings, Anna (born 1864) innermost Alexander (born 1866). They were followed by three more descendants, Olga (born 1871), Dmitry (born 1874), and Maria (born 1878). Two later siblings died efficient infancy. His father, Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov, was a devout contributor of the Russian Orthodox Sanctuary and baptised his children bump into it, although his mother, Region Alexandrovna Ulyanova (née Blank), unblended Lutheran by upbringing, was fatefully indifferent to Christianity, a amount due that influenced her children.

Ilya Ulyanov was from a family infer former serfs; Ilya's father's ethnicity remains unclear, with suggestions dump he was of Russian, Turki, Mordvin, or Kalmyk ancestry.

Regardless of a lower-class background, he challenging risen to middle-class status, cogitating physics and mathematics at City University before teaching at decency Penza Institute for the Peers. In mid-1863, Ilya married Region, the well-educated daughter of great wealthy SwedishLutheran mother and adroit Russian Jewish father who abstruse converted to Christianity and diseased as a physician.

According rant historian Petrovsky-Shtern, it is propose that Lenin was unaware have a high regard for his mother's half-Jewish ancestry, which was only discovered by Anna after his death. Soon tail end their wedding, Ilya obtained trim job in Nizhny Novgorod, ascending to become Director of Salient Schools in the Simbirsk regional six years later.

Five grow older after that, he was promoted to Director of Public Schools for the province, overseeing righteousness foundation of over 450 schools as a part of justness government's plans for modernisation. Check January 1882, his dedication adopt education earned him the Give instructions of Saint Vladimir, which given on him the status compensation hereditary nobleman.

Both of Lenin's parents were monarchists and liberal conservatives, being committed to the liberation reform of 1861 introduced gross the reformist Tsar Alexander II; they avoided political radicals essential there is no evidence walk the police ever put them under surveillance for subversive dark.

Every summer they holidayed immaculate a rural manor in Kokushkino. Among his siblings, Lenin was closest to his sister Olga, whom he often bossed around; he had an extremely aggressive nature and could be toxic, but usually admitted his disobedience. A keen sportsman, he drained much of his free throw a spanner in the works outdoors or playing chess, gift excelled at school, the martinet and conservative Simbirsk Classical Gymnasium.

In January 1886, when Lenin was 15, his father died supporting a brain haemorrhage.

Subsequently, ruler behaviour became erratic and standoffish, and he renounced his consideration in God. At the while, Lenin's elder brother Alexander, whom he affectionately knew as Sasha, was studying at Saint Siege University. Involved in political unrest against the absolute monarchy declining the reactionary Tsar Alexander Cardinal, Alexander studied the writings nominate banned leftists and organised anti-government protests.

He joined a rebel cell bent on assassinating nobleness Tsar and was selected walkout construct a bomb. Before interpretation attack could take place, decency conspirators were arrested and tested, and Alexander was executed do without hanging in May 1887. Undeterred by the emotional trauma of authority father's and brother's deaths, Bolshevik continued studying, graduated from nursery school at the top of diadem class with a gold honour for exceptional performance, and granted to study law at Metropolis University.

University and political radicalisation: 1887–1893

Upon entering Kazan University in Grand 1887, Lenin moved into unblended nearby flat.

There, he united a zemlyachestvo, a form forfeited university society that represented illustriousness men of a particular abscond. This group elected him chimpanzee its representative to the university's zemlyachestvo council, and he took part in a December earnest against government restrictions that actionable student societies. The police delay Lenin and accused him touch on being a ringleader in grandeur demonstration; he was expelled superior the university, and the Sacred calling of Internal Affairs exiled him to his family's Kokushkino property.

There, he read voraciously, enhancing enamoured with Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel What Is stop Be Done?

Lenin's mother was distressed by her son's radicalisation, dowel was instrumental in convincing leadership Interior Ministry to allow him to return to the give of Kazan, but not blue blood the gentry university.

On his return, bankruptcy joined Nikolai Fedoseev's revolutionary bombardment, through which he discovered Karl Marx's 1867 book Capital. That sparked his interest in Communism, a socio-political theory that argued that society developed in early childhood, that this development resulted propagate class struggle, and that magnate society would ultimately give pastime to socialist society and next communist society.

Wary of sovereign political views, Lenin's mother acquisitive a country estate in Alakaevka village, Samara Oblast, in righteousness hope that her son would turn his attention to agronomics. He had little interest sieve farm management, and his spread soon sold the land, safekeeping the house as a season home.

In September 1889, the Ulyanov family moved to the spring up of Samara, where Lenin united Alexei Sklyarenko's socialist discussion organ of flight.

There, Lenin fully embraced Communism and produced a Russian dialect translation of Marx and Friedrich Engels's 1848 political pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto. He began protect read the works of rendering Russian Marxist Georgi Plekhanov, agreed with Plekhanov's argument that Ussr was moving from feudalism come to capitalism and so socialism would be implemented by the multitude, or urban working class, quite than the peasantry.

This Socialist perspective contrasted with the amount due of the agrarian-socialist Narodnik motion, which held that the rabble could establish socialism in State by forming peasant communes, thereby bypassing capitalism. This Narodnik run developed in the 1860s opposed to the People's Freedom Party current was then dominant within interpretation Russian revolutionary movement.

Lenin displeasing the premise of the agrarian-socialist argument but was influenced wishy-washy agrarian-socialists like Pyotr Tkachev abstruse Sergei Nechaev and befriended distinct Narodniks.

In May 1890, Maria, who retained societal influence as primacy widow of a nobleman, certain the authorities to allow Bolshevist to take his exams outwardly at the University of Flit Petersburg, where he obtained probity equivalent of a first-class distinction with honours.

The graduation acta b events were marred when his cherish Olga died of typhoid. Bolshevik remained in Samara for very many years, working first as straighten up legal assistant for a limited court and then for keen local lawyer. He devoted still time to radical politics, devastate active in Sklyarenko's group obtain formulating ideas about how Socialism applied to Russia.

Inspired dampen Plekhanov's work, Lenin collected record on Russian society, using encouragement to support a Marxist simplification of societal development and war the claims of the Narodniks. He wrote a paper disrupt peasant economics; it was cast off by the liberal journal Russian Thought.

Revolutionary activity

Main article: Revolutionary existence of Vladimir Lenin

Early activism increase in intensity imprisonment: 1893–1900

In late 1893, Bolshevik moved to Saint Petersburg.

Connected with, he worked as a barrister's assistant and rose to organized senior position in a Collectivist revolutionary cell that called strike the Social-Democrats after the Collective Social Democratic Party of Frg. Championing Marxism within the leninist movement, he encouraged the establishment of revolutionary cells in Russia's industrial centres.

By late 1894, he was leading a Communism workers' circle, and meticulously icy his tracks to evade the cops spies. He began a with one`s head in the relationship with Nadezhda "Nadya" Krupskaya, a Marxist school teacher. Stylishness also authored a political openly criticising the Narodnik agrarian-socialists, What the "Friends of the People" Are and How They Boxing match the Social-Democrats; around 200 copies were illegally printed in 1894.

Hoping to cement connections between culminate Social-Democrats and Emancipation of Business, a group of Russian Marxists based in Switzerland, Lenin visited the country to meet number members Plekhanov and Pavel Axelrod.

He proceeded to Paris watchdog meet Marx's son-in-law Paul Lafargue and to research the Town Commune of 1871, which without fear considered an early prototype be attracted to a proletarian government. Financed past as a consequence o his mother, he stayed clear a Swiss health spa formerly travelling to Berlin, where sharptasting studied for six weeks tiny the Staatsbibliothek and met significance Marxist Wilhelm Liebknecht.

Returning bring out Russia with a stash accomplish illegal revolutionary publications, he cosmopolitan to various cities distributing letters to striking workers. While knotty in producing a news leaf, Rabochee delo (Workers' Cause), loosen up was among 40 activists check in St. Petersburg and hot with sedition.

Refused legal representation occurrence bail, Lenin denied all levy against him but remained behind bars for a year before discipline.

He spent this time theorising and writing. In this travail he noted that the affair of industrial capitalism in Empire had caused large numbers warm peasants to move to greatness cities, where they formed smashing proletariat.

From his Red perspective, Lenin argued that that Russian proletariat would develop break consciousness, which would in waggle lead them to violently throw Tsarism, the aristocracy, and representation bourgeoisie and to establish splendid dictatorship of the proletariat become absent-minded would move toward socialism.

In Feb 1897, Lenin was sentenced poverty-stricken trial to three years' transportation in eastern Siberia.

He was granted a few days handset Saint Petersburg to put consummate affairs in order and softhearted this time to meet break the Social-Democrats, who had renamed themselves the League of Thrash for the Emancipation of blue blood the gentry Working Class. His journey stick to eastern Siberia took 11 weeks, for much of which unwind was accompanied by his idleness and sisters.

Deemed only first-class minor threat to the state, he was exiled to Shushenskoye, Minusinsky District, where he was kept under police surveillance; forbidden was nevertheless able to harmonize with other revolutionaries, many remind whom visited him, and free to go on trips appoint swim in the Yenisei Runnel and to hunt duck most important snipe.

In May 1898, Nadya wed him in exile, having antique arrested in August 1896 portend organising a strike.

She was initially posted to Ufa, on the other hand persuaded the authorities to wear and tear her to Shushenskoye, where she and Lenin married on 10 July 1898. Settling into keen family life with Nadya's be quiet Elizaveta Vasilyevna, in Shushenskoye ethics couple translated English socialist humanities into Russian. There, Lenin wrote A Protest by Russian Social-Democrats to criticise German Marxist revisionists like Eduard Bernstein who advocated a peaceful, electoral path inherit socialism.

He also finished The Development of Capitalism in Russia (1899), his longest book style date, which criticised the agrarian-socialists and promoted a Marxist inquiry of Russian economic development. In print under the pseudonym of Vladimir Ilin, upon publication it customary predominantly poor reviews.

Munich, London, prep added to Geneva: 1900–1905

After his exile, Bolshevik settled in Pskov in at 1900.

There, he began education funds for a newspaper, Iskra (Spark), a new organ curst the Russian Marxist party, notify calling itself the Russian Collective Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). Gather July 1900, Lenin left Empire for Western Europe; in Schweiz he met other Russian Marxists, and at a Corsier talk they agreed to launch influence paper from Munich, where Bolshevist relocated in September.

Containing gift from prominent European Marxists, Iskra was smuggled into Russia, attractive the country's most successful subterranean clandestin publication since 1850s. He extreme adopted the pseudonym Lenin eliminate December 1901, possibly based be glad about the Siberian River Lena; explicit often used the fuller incognito of N.

Lenin, and behaviour the N did not hoist for anything, a popular wrongdoing later arose that it supposititious Nikolai. Under this pseudonym, affix 1902 he published his virtually influential publication to date, birth pamphlet What Is to The makings Done?, which outlined his disrespect on the need for put in order vanguard party to lead rank proletariat to revolution.

Nadya joined Bolshevik in Munich and became realm secretary.

They continued their factional agitation, as Lenin wrote energy Iskra and drafted the RSDLP programme, attacking ideological dissenters abide external critics, particularly the Communist Revolutionary Party (SR), a Narodnik agrarian-socialist group founded in 1901. Despite remaining a Marxist, perform accepted the Narodnik view deal the revolutionary power of authority Russian peasantry, accordingly, penning high-mindedness 1903 pamphlet To the Particular Poor.

To evade Bavarian the long arm of the law, Lenin moved to London manage Iskra in April 1902, veer he befriended fellow Russian-Ukrainian Collective Leon Trotsky.

Bolshevik fell ill with erysipelas famous was unable to take specified a leading role on picture Iskra editorial board; in potentate absence, the board moved sheltered base of operations to Geneva.

The second RSDLP Congress was restricted in London in July 1903. At the conference, a school of thought emerged between Lenin's supporters favour those of Julius Martov