153rd birth anniversary of rabindranath tagore biography

Rabindranath Tagore

Bengali poet, philosopher, and essayist (1861–1941)

For the film, see Rabindranath Tagore (film).

"Tagore" redirects here. Be thankful for other uses, see Tagore (disambiguation).

Rabindranath ThakurFRAS (Bengali:[roˈbindɾonatʰˈʈʰakuɾ];[1] anglicised as Rabindranath Tagore; 7 May 1861[2] – 7 August 1941[3]) was an Amerindian Bengali polymath who worked bit a poet, writer, playwright, author, philosopher, social reformer, and catamount of the Bengal Renaissance.[4][5][6] Unquestionable reshaped Bengali literature and penalty as well as Indian go with Contextual Modernism in greatness late 19th and early Twentieth centuries.

Author of the "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful" 1 of Gitanjali. In 1913, Tagore became the first non-European homily win a Nobel Prize intricate any category, and also loftiness first lyricist to win class Nobel Prize in Literature. Tagore's poetic songs were viewed trade in spiritual and mercurial; where realm elegant prose and magical plan were widely popular in righteousness Indian subcontinent.

He was a- fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society. Referred to as "the Bard of Bengal",[10][5][6] Tagore was known by the sobriquetsGurudeb, Kobiguru, and Biswokobi.[a]

A Bengali Brahmin strip Calcutta with ancestral gentry strain in Burdwan district[12] and Jessore, Tagore wrote poetry as idea eight-year-old.

At the age closing stages sixteen, he released his supreme substantial poems under the allonym Bhānusiṃha ("Sun Lion"), which were seized upon by literary administration as long-lost classics. By 1877 he graduated to his lid short stories and dramas, promulgated under his real name. Likewise a humanist, universalist, internationalist, ray ardent critic of nationalism,[15] subside denounced the British Raj stall advocated independence from Britain.

Orang-utan an exponent of the Bengal Renaissance, he advanced a chasmal canon that comprised paintings, sketches and doodles, hundreds of texts, and some two thousand songs; his legacy also endures include his founding of Visva-Bharati University.[16]

Tagore modernised Bengali art by rejection rigid classical forms and resisting linguistic strictures.

His novels, chimerical, songs, dance dramas, and essays spoke to topics political gift personal. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora (Fair-Faced) and Ghare-Baire (The Dwelling-place and the World) are enthrone best-known works, and his seat, short stories, and novels were acclaimed—or panned—for their lyricism, clich, naturalism, and unnatural contemplation.

Rule compositions were chosen by one nations as national anthems: India's "Jana Gana Mana" and Bangladesh's "Amar Shonar Bangla" .The Sri Lankan national anthem was as well inspired by his work.[18] Monarch song "Banglar Mati Banglar Jol" has been adopted as magnanimity state anthem of West Bengal.

Family background

See also: Tagore family

The name Tagore is the anglicised transliteration of Thakur.[19] The modern surname of the Tagores was Kushari.

They were Pirali Intellectual ('Pirali' historically carried a abominable and pejorative connotation)[20][21] who at or in the beginning belonged to a village dubbed Kush in the district christened Burdwan in West Bengal. High-mindedness biographer of Rabindranath Tagore, Prabhat Kumar Mukhopadhyaya wrote in class first volume of his tome Rabindrajibani O Rabindra Sahitya Prabeshak that

The Kusharis were goodness descendants of Deen Kushari, nobleness son of Bhatta Narayana; Deen was granted a village christened Kush (in Burdwan zilla) fail to notice Maharaja Kshitisura, he became disloyalty chief and came to fur known as Kushari.[12]

Life and events

Early life: 1861–1878

Main article: Early struggle of Rabindranath Tagore

The last flash days a storm has archaic raging, similar to the category in my song—Jhauro jhauro borishe baridhara  [...

amidst it] organized hapless, homeless man drenched shake off top to toe standing speculate the roof of his vessel [...] the last two life I have been singing that song over and over [...] monkey a result the pelting thriving of the intense rain, representation wail of the wind, illustriousness sound of the heaving Gorai River, [...] have assumed clean up fresh life and found a- new language and I accept felt like a major phenomenon in this new musical spectacle unfolding before me.

— Memo to Indira Devi.

The youngest pencil in 13 surviving children, Tagore (nicknamed "Rabi") was born on 7 May 1861 in the Jorasanko mansion in Calcutta,[23] the lass of Debendranath Tagore (1817–1905) ride Sarada Devi (1830–1875).[b]

Tagore was concave mostly by servants; his vernacular had died in his dependable childhood and his father cosmopolitan widely.

The Tagore family was at the forefront of description Bengal renaissance. They hosted class publication of literary magazines; dramaturgy and recitals of Bengali professor Western classical music featured near regularly. Tagore's father invited assorted professional Dhrupad musicians to freeze in the house and advise Indian classical music to ethics children.

Tagore's oldest brother Dwijendranath was a philosopher and poetess. Another brother, Satyendranath, was integrity first Indian appointed to grandeur elite and formerly all-European Amerindic Civil Service. Yet another sibling, Jyotirindranath, was a musician, father, and playwright. His sister Swarnakumari became a novelist.[32] Jyotirindranath's mate Kadambari Devi, slightly older caress Tagore, was a dear intimate and powerful influence.

Her brief suicide in 1884, soon tail end he married, left him greatly distraught for years.[33]

Tagore largely unattractive classroom schooling and preferred satisfy roam the manor or away Bolpur and Panihati, which significance family visited. His brother Hemendranath tutored and physically conditioned him—by having him swim the River or trek through hills, inured to gymnastics, and by practising judo and wrestling.

He learned outline, anatomy, geography and history, facts, mathematics, Sanskrit, and English—his smallest favourite subject. Tagore loathed intimate education—his scholarly travails at position local Presidency College spanned a-ok single day. Years later explicit held that proper teaching does not explain things; proper tutoring stokes curiosity.

After his upanayan (coming-of-age rite) at age cardinal, Tagore and his father maintain equilibrium Calcutta in February 1873 close to tour India for several months, visiting his father's Santiniketan cash and Amritsar before reaching prestige Himalayanhill station of Dalhousie.

Here Tagore read biographies, studied world, astronomy, modern science, and Indic, and examined the classical chime of Kālidāsa.[39] During his 1-month stay at Amritsar in 1873 he was greatly influenced outdo melodious gurbani and Nanak bani being sung at Golden House of worship for which both father promote son were regular visitors.

Dirt writes in his My Reminiscences (1912):

The golden temple of Amritsar comes back to me approximating a dream. Many a morn have I accompanied my ecclesiastic to this Gurudarbar of say publicly Sikhs in the middle recall the lake. There the blessed chanting resounds continually. My priest, seated amidst the throng admire worshippers, would sometimes add consummate voice to the hymn fail praise, and finding a outlander joining in their devotions they would wax enthusiastically cordial, gain we would return loaded pick up again the sanctified offerings of make less painful crystals and other sweets.[40]

Let go wrote 6 poems relating be bounded by Sikhism and several articles reaction Bengali children's magazine about Sikhism.[41]

  • Poems on Guru Gobind Singh: নিষ্ফল উপহার Nishfal-upahaar (1888, translated primate "Futile Gift"), গুরু গোবিন্দ Educator Gobinda (1899) and শেষ শিক্ষা Shesh Shiksha (1899, translated gorilla "Last Teachings")[41]
  • Poem on Banda Bahadur: বন্দী বীর Bandi-bir (The Hoodwink Warrior written in 1888 cooperation 1898)[41]
  • Poem on Bhai Torusingh: প্রার্থনাতীত দান (prarthonatit dan – Unsought gift) written in 1888 accomplish 1898[41]
  • Poem on Nehal Singh: নীহাল সিংহ (Nihal Singh) written slight 1935.[41]

Tagore returned to Jorosanko essential completed a set of elder works by 1877, one provide them a long poem weight the Maithili style of Vidyapati.

As a joke, he presumed that these were the gone works of newly discovered 17th-century Vaiṣṇava poet Bhānusiṃha.[42] Regional experts accepted them as the missing works of the fictitious versifier. He debuted in the short-story genre in Bengali with "Bhikharini" ("The Beggar Woman"). Published acquit yourself the same year, Sandhya Sangit (1882) includes the poem "Nirjharer Swapnabhanga" ("The Rousing of birth Waterfall").

Shilaidaha: 1878–1901

Because Debendranath craved his son to become spick barrister, Tagore enrolled at practised public school in Brighton, Bulge Sussex, England in 1878. Of course stayed for several months disagree with a house that the Tagore family owned near Brighton deed Hove, in Medina Villas; run to ground 1877 his nephew and niece—Suren and Indira Devi, the dynasty of Tagore's brother Satyendranath—were tie together with their mother, Tagore's sister-in-law, to live with him.

He briefly read law take up University College London, but take back left, opting instead for unfettered study of Shakespeare's playsCoriolanus, captain Antony and Cleopatra and influence Religio Medici of Thomas Browne. Lively English, Irish, and Caledonian folk tunes impressed Tagore, whose own tradition of Nidhubabu-authored kirtans and tappas and Brahmo singing was subdued.

In 1880 sharp-tasting returned to Bengal degree-less, sentence to reconcile European novelty assort Brahmo traditions, taking the outrun from each. After returning trigger Bengal, Tagore regularly published rhyme, stories, and novels. These difficult to understand a profound impact within Bengal itself but received little genetic attention.[49] In 1883 he one 10-year-old[50]Mrinalini Devi, born Bhabatarini, 1873–1902 (this was a common convention at the time).

They difficult five children, two of whom died in childhood.

In 1890 Tagore began managing his vast traditional estates in Shelaidaha (today marvellous region of Bangladesh); he was joined there by his partner and children in 1898. Tagore released his Manasi poems (1890), among his best-known work.

Gorilla Zamindar Babu, Tagore criss-crossed rendering Padma River in command recompense the Padma, the luxurious coat barge (also known as "budgerow"). He collected mostly token rents and blessed villagers who pigs turn honoured him with banquets—occasionally of dried rice and acidic milk. He met Gagan Harkara, through whom he became commonplace with BaulLalon Shah, whose long-established songs greatly influenced Tagore.[54] Tagore worked to popularise Lalon's songs.

The period 1891–1895, Tagore's Sadhana period, named after one do away with his magazines, was his domineering productive; in these years recognized wrote more than half greatness stories of the three-volume, 84-story Galpaguchchha. Its ironic and esteemed tales examined the voluptuous impecuniousness of an idealised rural Bengal.

Santiniketan: 1901–1932

Main article: Middle years sum Rabindranath Tagore

In 1901 Tagore hurt to Santiniketan to found bully ashram with a marble-floored request hall—The Mandir—an experimental school, general of trees, gardens, a studio.

There his wife and pair of his children died. Rulership father died in 1905. Blooper received monthly payments as wherewithal of his inheritance and funds from the Maharaja of Tripura, sales of his family's ornaments, his seaside bungalow in Puri, and a derisory 2,000 rupees in book royalties. He gained Bengali and foreign readers alike; he published Naivedya (1901) nearby Kheya (1906) and translated verse into free verse.

In 1912, Tagore translated his 1910 gratuitous Gitanjali into English. While upsurge a trip to London, misstep shared these poems with admirers including William Butler Yeats stomach Ezra Pound. London's India Unity published the work in splendid limited edition, and the Inhabitant magazine Poetry published a verdict from Gitanjali.[58] In November 1913, Tagore learned he had won that year's Nobel Prize central part Literature: the Swedish Academy pleasant the idealistic—and for Westerners—accessible connect of a small body clamour his translated material focused note the 1912 Gitanjali: Song Offerings.

He was awarded a knighthood by King George V disintegrate the 1915 Birthday Honours, nevertheless Tagore renounced it after glory 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre.[60] Asceticism the knighthood, Tagore wrote stop off a letter addressed to Noble Chelmsford, the then British Governor of India, "The disproportionate rigour of the punishments inflicted take on the unfortunate people and picture methods of carrying them indeterminate, we are convinced, are insolvent parallel in the history remark civilised governments...The time has lose it when badges of honour put over our shame glaring in their incongruous context of humiliation, nearby I for my part hope for to stand, shorn of hubbub special distinctions, by the reversal of my countrymen."[61][62]

In 1919, forbidden was invited by the number one and chairman of Anjuman-e-Islamia, Syed Abdul Majid to visit Sylhet for the first time.

Character event attracted over 5000 people.[63]

In 1921, Tagore and agricultural economist Leonard Elmhirst set up decency "Institute for Rural Reconstruction", afterwards renamed Shriniketan or "Abode be fond of Welfare", in Surul, a rural community near the ashram. With embrace, Tagore sought to moderate Gandhi'sSwaraj protests, which he occasionally blessed for British India's perceived judicious – and thus ultimately superb – decline.

He sought walk out from donors, officials, and scholars worldwide to "free village[s] make the first move the shackles of helplessness predominant ignorance" by "vitalis[ing] knowledge". Weigh down the early 1930s he targeted ambient "abnormal caste consciousness" talented untouchability. He lectured against these, he penned Dalit heroes send off for his poems and his dramas, and he campaigned—successfully—to open Guruvayoor Temple to Dalits.

Twilight years: 1932–1941

Dutta and Robinson describe this arena of Tagore's life as gaze one of a "peripatetic litterateur".

It affirmed his opinion rove human divisions were shallow. Alongside a May 1932 visit make ill a Bedouin encampment in authority Iraqi desert, the tribal most important told him that "Our Diviner has said that a reckon Muslim is he by whose words and deeds not grandeur least of his brother-men hawthorn ever come to any draw ..." Tagore confided in jurisdiction diary: "I was startled smart recognizing in his words probity voice of essential humanity." Equal the end Tagore scrutinized orthodoxy—and in 1934, he struck.

Rove year, an earthquake hit State and killed thousands. Gandhi hailed it as seismic karma, sort divine retribution avenging the despotism of Dalits. Tagore rebuked him for his seemingly ignominious implications. He mourned the perennial deficiency of Calcutta and the socioeconomic decline of Bengal and inclusive this newly plebeian aesthetics look an unrhymed hundred-line poem whose technique of searing double-vision foreshadowed Satyajit Ray's film Apur Sansar.

Fifteen new volumes appeared, mid them prose-poem works Punashcha (1932), Shes Saptak (1935), and Patraput (1936). Experimentation continued in crown prose-songs and dance-dramas— Chitra (1914), Shyama (1939), and Chandalika (1938)— and in his novels— Dui Bon (1933), Malancha (1934), status Char Adhyay (1934).[73]

Clouds come swimming into my life, no someone to carry rain or conduct storm, but to add timbre to my sunset sky.

 —Verse 292, Stray Birds, 1916.

Tagore's deliver expanded to science in climax last years, as hinted rip open Visva-Parichay, a 1937 collection do paperwork essays. His respect for well-controlled laws and his exploration ticking off biology, physics, and astronomy keep posted his poetry, which exhibited wideranging naturalism and verisimilitude.

He wove the process of science, high-mindedness narratives of scientists, into fictitious in Se (1937), Tin Sangi (1940), and Galpasalpa (1941). Emperor last five years were effectual by chronic pain and three long periods of illness. These began when Tagore lost feel in late 1937; he remained comatose and near death demand a time.

This was followed in late 1940 by nifty similar spell, from which proscribed never recovered. Poetry from these valetudinary years is among jurisdiction finest. A period of drawnout agony ended with Tagore's end on 7 August 1941, say 80.[23] He was in exclude upstairs room of the Jorasanko mansion in which he grew up. The date is get done mourned.

A. K. Sen, fellowman of the first chief poll commissioner, received dictation from Tagore on 30 July 1941, unornamented day before a scheduled operation: his last poem.

I'm lost doubtful the middle of my spread. I want my friends, their touch, with the earth's burgle love. I will take life's final offering, I will standpoint the human's last blessing.

Now my sack is empty. Frenzied have given completely whatever Beside oneself had to give. In repay, if I receive anything—some affection, some forgiveness—then I will grip it with me when Wild step on the boat drift crosses to the festival medium the wordless end.

Travels

Our passions come to rest desires are unruly, but evenhanded character subdues these elements pierce a harmonious whole.

Does property irrelevant similar to this happen incline the physical world? Are class elements rebellious, dynamic with bizarre impulse? And is there cool principle in the physical sphere that dominates them and puts them into an orderly organization?

— Interviewed by Einstein, 14 April 1930.

Between 1878 and 1932, Tagore set foot in writer than thirty countries on quintuplet continents.

In 1912, he took a sheaf of his translated works to England, where they gained attention from missionary pivotal Gandhi protégé Charles F. Naturalist, Irish poet William Butler Playwright, Ezra Pound, Robert Bridges, Ernest Rhys, Thomas Sturge Moore, tell others. Yeats wrote the foreword to the English translation eradicate Gitanjali; Andrews joined Tagore fuming Santiniketan.

In November 1912 Tagore began touring the United States and the United Kingdom, home-owner in Butterton, Staffordshire with Andrews's clergymen friends. From May 1916 until April 1917, he lectured in Japan[86] and the Leagued States. He denounced nationalism.[88] Circlet essay "Nationalism in India" was scorned and praised; it was admired by Romain Rolland predominant other pacifists.

Shortly after returning building block, the 63-year-old Tagore accepted fleece invitation from the Peruvian make.

He travelled to Mexico. Reaching government pledged US$100,000 to culminate school to commemorate the visits. A week after his 6 November 1924 arrival in Buenos Aires, an ill Tagore shifted to the Villa Miralrío go ashore the behest of Victoria Ocampo. He left for home wrench January 1925. In May 1926 Tagore reached Naples; the job day he met Mussolini sham Rome.

Their warm rapport hanging when Tagore pronounced upon Il Duce's fascist finesse. He esoteric earlier enthused: "[w]without any certainly he is a great anima. There is such a overall vigor in that head turn it reminds one of Archangel Angelo's chisel." A "fire-bath" cut into fascism was to have educed "the immortal soul of Italia ...

clothed in quenchless light".

On 1 November 1926 Tagore appeared in Hungary and spent harsh time on the shore carefulness Lake Balaton in the prerogative of Balatonfüred, recovering from sounding problems at a sanitarium. No problem planted a tree, and spruce up bust statue was placed relating to in 1956 (a gift escape the Indian government, the borer of Rasithan Kashar, replaced stomach-turning a newly gifted statue cut 2005) and the lakeside walk still bears his name by reason of 1957.[95]

On 14 July 1927, Tagore and two companions began put in order four-month tour of Southeast Collection.

They visited Bali, Java, Kuala Lumpur, Malacca, Penang, Siam, unthinkable Singapore. The resultant travelogues do Jatri (1929). In early 1930 he left Bengal for unblended nearly year-long tour of Assemblage and the United States. Deduce returning to Britain—and as tiara paintings were exhibited in Town and London—he lodged at clever Birmingham Quaker settlement.

He wrote his Oxford Hibbert Lectures[c] flourishing spoke at the annual Writer Quaker meet. There, addressing liaison between the British and integrity Indians – a topic settle down would tackle repeatedly over authority next two years – Tagore spoke of a "dark cavity of aloofness". He visited Agha Khan III, stayed at Dartington Hall, toured Denmark, Switzerland, subject Germany from June to mid-September 1930, then went on talk about the Soviet Union.

In Apr 1932 Tagore, intrigued by righteousness Persian mystic Hafez, was hosted by Reza Shah Pahlavi. Grip his other travels, Tagore interacted with Henri Bergson, Albert Adept, Robert Frost, Thomas Mann, Martyr Bernard Shaw, H. G. Author, and Romain Rolland. Visits lowly Persia and Iraq (in 1932) and Sri Lanka (in 1933) composed Tagore's final foreign journey, and his dislike of communalism and nationalism only deepened.

Mr big of India M. Hamid Ansari has said that Rabindranath Tagore heralded the cultural rapprochement mid communities, societies and nations unwarranted before it became the bounteous norm of conduct. Tagore was a man ahead of top time. He wrote in 1932, while on a visit cap Iran, that "each country go rotten Asia will solve its sliver historical problems according to sheltered strength, nature and needs, nevertheless the lamp they will range carry on their path thoroughly progress will converge to brighten the common ray of knowledge."[104]

Works

Main article: Works of Rabindranath Tagore

See also: List of works confess Rabindranath Tagore

Known mostly for diadem poetry, Tagore wrote novels, essays, short stories, travelogues, dramas, refuse thousands of songs.

Of Tagore's prose, his short stories detain perhaps the most highly regarded; he is indeed credited be more exciting originating the Bengali-language version claim the genre. His works bear out frequently noted for their measured, optimistic, and lyrical nature. Much stories mostly borrow from justness lives of common people. Tagore's non-fiction grappled with history, philology, and spirituality.

He wrote autobiographies. His travelogues, essays, and lectures were compiled into several volumes, including Europe Jatrir Patro (Letters from Europe) and Manusher Dhormo (The Religion of Man). Enthrone brief chat with Einstein, "Note on the Nature of Reality", is included as an inclusion to the latter.

On high-mindedness occasion of Tagore's 150th feast-day, an anthology (titled Kalanukromik Rabindra Rachanabali) of the total oppose of his works is of late being published in Bengali display chronological order. This includes come to blows versions of each work other fills about eighty volumes.[105] Admire 2011, Harvard University Press collaborated with Visva-Bharati University to post The Essential Tagore, the richest anthology of Tagore's works unemployed in English; it was unchanged by Fakrul Alam and Radha Chakravarthy and marks the Cl anniversary of Tagore's birth.[106]

Drama

Tagore's reminiscences annals with drama began when proscribed was sixteen, with his kinsman Jyotirindranath.

He wrote his primary original dramatic piece when agreed was twenty – Valmiki Pratibha which was shown at nobility Tagore's mansion. Tagore stated stray his works sought to fine "the play of feeling good turn not of action". In 1890 he wrote Visarjan (an version of his novella Rajarshi), which has been regarded as potentate finest drama.

In the designing Bengali language, such works aim intricate subplots and extended monologues. Later, Tagore's dramas used very philosophical and allegorical themes. Picture play Dak Ghar (The Send on Office; 1912), describes the toddler Amal defying his stuffy countryside puerile confines by ultimately "fall[ing] asleep", hinting his physical complete.

A story with borderless appeal—gleaning rave reviews in Europe—Dak Ghar dealt with death as, cry Tagore's words, "spiritual freedom" suffer the loss of "the world of hoarded prosperity and certified creeds". Another commission Tagore's Chandalika (Untouchable Girl), which was modelled on an bygone Buddhist legend describing how Ananda, the Gautama Buddha's disciple, asks a tribal girl for spa water.

In Raktakarabi ("Red" or "Blood Oleanders") is an allegorical writhe against a kleptocrat king who rules over the residents identical Yakshapuri.

Chitrangada, Chandalika, and Shyama dash other key plays that control dance-drama adaptations, which together total known as Rabindra Nritya Natya.

Short stories

Tagore began his vitality in short stories in 1877—when he was only sixteen—with "Bhikharini" ("The Beggar Woman").[111] With that, Tagore effectively invented the Bengali-language short story genre. The quadruplet years from 1891 to 1895 are known as Tagore's "Sadhana" period (named for one wear out Tagore's magazines).

This period was among Tagore's most fecund, easy more than half the storied contained in the three-volume Galpaguchchha, which itself is a piece of eighty-four stories.[111] Such chimerical usually showcase Tagore's reflections go on a go-slow his surroundings, on modern focus on fashionable ideas, and on gripping mind puzzles (which Tagore was fond of testing his nous with).

Tagore typically associated queen earliest stories (such as those of the "Sadhana" period) respect an exuberance of vitality dowel spontaneity; these characteristics were very well connected with Tagore's life confine the common villages of, amidst others, Patisar, Shajadpur, and Shilaida while managing the Tagore family's vast landholdings.[111] There, he beheld the lives of India's casual and common people; Tagore thereby took to examining their lives with a penetrative depth bracket feeling that was singular sound Indian literature up to dump point.[113] In particular, such mythic as "Kabuliwala" ("The Fruitseller differ Kabul", published in 1892), "Kshudita Pashan" ("The Hungry Stones") (August 1895), and "Atithi" ("The Runaway", 1895) typified this analytic main feature on the downtrodden.[114] Many bazaar the other Galpaguchchha stories were written in Tagore's Sabuj Patra period from 1914 to 1917, also named after one custom the magazines that Tagore curtail and heavily contributed to.[111]

Novels

Tagore wrote eight novels and four novellas, among them Nastanirh (1901), Noukadubi (1906), Chaturanga (1916) and Char Adhyay (1934).

In Chokher Bali (1902-1903), Tagore inscribes Bengali fellowship via its heroine: a unruly widow who would live portend herself alone. He pillories high-mindedness custom of perpetual mourning darken the part of widows, who were not allowed to remarry, who were consigned to concealment and loneliness.

Ghare Baire (The Home and the World, 1916), through the lens of nobility idealistic zamindar protagonist Nikhil, excoriates rising Indian nationalism, terrorism, dominant religious zeal in the Swadeshi movement; a frank expression assess Tagore's conflicted sentiments, it emerged from a 1914 bout break into depression.

The novel ends curb Hindu-Muslim violence and Nikhil's introduce mortal—wounding.

His longest novel, Gora (1907-1910), raises controversial questions regarding integrity Indian identity. As with Ghare Baire, matters of self-identity (jāti), personal freedom, and religion object developed in the context disregard a family story and attachment triangle.

In it an Island boy orphaned in the Sepoy Mutiny is raised by Hindus as the titular gora—"whitey". Unlearned of his foreign origins, crystalclear chastises Hindu religious backsliders proceed of love for the original Indians and solidarity with them against his hegemon-compatriots. He water for a Brahmo girl, important his worried foster father fall foul of reveal his lost past ride cease his nativist zeal.

Despite the fact that a "true dialectic" advancing "arguments for and against strict traditionalism", it tackles the colonial riddle by "portray[ing] the value aristocratic all positions within a punctilious frame [...] not only syncretism, crowd together only liberal orthodoxy but rank extremist reactionary traditionalism he defends by an appeal to what humans share." Among these Tagore highlights "identity [...] conceived of primate dharma."

In Jogajog (Yogayog, Relationships, 1929), the heroine Kumudini—bound by honesty ideals of Śiva-Sati, exemplified uncongenial Dākshāyani—is torn between her compassion for the sinking fortunes spick and span her progressive and compassionate senior brother and his foil: be a foil for roué of a husband.

Tagore flaunts his feminist leanings; pathos depicts the plight and latest demise of women trapped unused pregnancy, duty, and family honor; he simultaneously trucks with Bengal's putrescent landed gentry. The tale revolves around the underlying feud between two families—the Chatterjees, aristocrats now on the decline (Biprodas) and the Ghosals (Madhusudan), in regard to new money and new impertinence.

Kumudini, Biprodas' sister, is at bay between the two as she is married off to Madhusudan. She had risen in distinction observant and sheltered traditional heartless, as had all her ladylike relations.

Others were uplifting: Shesher Kabita (1929) — translated have qualms as Last Poem and Farewell Song — is his well-nigh lyrical novel, with poems viewpoint rhythmic passages written by elegant poet protagonist.

It contains smatter of satire and postmodernism prep added to has stock characters who gladly attack the reputation of be thinking about old, outmoded, oppressively renowned versemaker who, incidentally, goes by swell familiar name: "Rabindranath Tagore".

Though his novels remain among interpretation least-appreciated of his works, they have been given renewed motivation via film adaptations, by Satyajit Ray for Charulata (based toil Nastanirh) in 1964 and Ghare Baire in 1984, and unused several others filmmakers such orang-utan Satu Sen for Chokher Island already in 1938, when Tagore was still alive.

Poetry

Internationally, Gitanjali (Bengali: গীতাঞ্জলি) is Tagore's best-known collection of poetry, for which he was awarded the Altruist Prize in Literature in 1913. Tagore was the first non-European to receive a Nobel Award in Literature and the in two shakes non-European to receive a Altruist Prize after Theodore Roosevelt.[119]

Besides Gitanjali, other notable works include Manasi, Sonar Tori ("Golden Boat"), Balaka ("Wild Geese" – the caption being a metaphor for migrating souls)

Tagore's poetic style, which prize from a lineage established wishy-washy 15th- and 16th-century Vaishnava poets, ranges from classical formalism optimism the comic, visionary, and blissful.

He was influenced by honesty atavistic mysticism of Vyasa discipline other rishi-authors of the Scriptures, the Bhakti-Sufi mystic Kabir, move Ramprasad Sen.