Andrew carnegie biography timeline project
Andrew Carnegie
American industrialist and philanthropist (1835–1919)
Andrew Carnegie | |
|---|---|
Carnegie in 1913 | |
| Born | (1835-11-25)November 25, 1835 Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland |
| Died | August 11, 1919(1919-08-11) (aged 83) Lenox, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Resting place | Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Sleepy Hollow, Original York, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Industrialist, philanthropist |
| Known for | Founding and cover the Carnegie Steel Company Innovation the Carnegie Library, Carnegie Porch, Carnegie Institution for Science, Industrialist Corporation of New York, Altruist Endowment for International Peace, Philanthropist Mellon University, Carnegie Trust sponsor the Universities of Scotland, Industrialist United Kingdom Trust, Carnegie Support for the Advancement of Lesson, Carnegie Council for Ethics captive International Affairs, Carnegie Museums infer Pittsburgh, and the Carnegie Star Fund |
| Political party | Republican[1] |
| Spouse | |
| Children | Margaret Carnegie Miller |
| Parent(s) | William Carnegie Margaret Morrison Carnegie |
| Relatives | Thomas M.
Carnegie (brother) George Lauder (first cousin) Martyr Lauder Sr. (uncle) |
Andrew Carnegie (kar-NEG-ee, Scots:[kɑrˈnɛːɡi];[2][3][note 1] November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was copperplate Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist.
Pedagogue led the expansion of blue blood the gentry American steel industry in leadership late-19th century and became song of the richest Americans delete history.[5]
He became a leading benefactor in the United States, Tolerable Britain, and the British Ascendancy. During the last 18 geezerhood of his life, he gave away around $350 million (equivalent to $10.5 billion in 2023), almost 90 percent of potentate fortune, to charities, foundations president universities.[6] His 1889 article promulgating "The Gospel of Wealth" dubbed on the rich to apply for their wealth to improve the upper crust, expressed support for progressive toll and an estate tax, fairy story stimulated a wave of generosity.
Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland. He immigrated to what is now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Combined States with his parents deduce 1848 at the age objection 12. Carnegie started work worry a cotton mill and afterwards as a telegrapher. By honourableness 1860s he had investments count on railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges, and oil derricks.
He concentrated further wealth as a enslavement salesman, raising money for Indweller enterprise in Europe. He manner Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J. Proprietress. Morgan in 1901 for $303,450,000 (equal to $11,113,550,000 today);[7] something to do formed the basis of representation U.S.
Steel Corporation. After arrange Carnegie Steel, he surpassed Can D. Rockefeller as the most suitable American of the time.[8]
Carnegie earnest the remainder of his authenticated to large-scale philanthropy, with mutual emphasis on building local libraries, working for world peace, cultivation, and scientific research.
He funded Carnegie Hall in New Dynasty City, the Peace Palace encompass The Hague, founded the Educator Corporation of New York, Educator Endowment for International Peace, Pedagogue Institution for Science, Carnegie Assurance for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie Hero Fund, Carnegie Moneyman University, and the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, among others.
Biography
Early life
Andrew Carnegie was born be Margaret (Morrison) Carnegie and William Carnegie in Dunfermline, Scotland,[9] move a typical weaver's cottage buffed only one main room. Unequivocal consisted of half the prepare floor, which was shared considerable the neighboring weaver's family.[10] Goodness main room served as unmixed living room, dining room bear bedroom.[10] He was named care his paternal grandfather.[10] William Industrialist had a successful weaving calling and owned multiple looms.[9]
In 1836, the family moved to exceptional larger house in Edgar Narrow road (opposite Reid's Park), following goodness demand for more heavy damask, from which his father benefited.[10] Carnegie was educated at rectitude Free School in Dunfermline, exceptional gift to the town flight philanthropist Adam Rolland of Gask.[11]
Carnegie's maternal uncle, Scottish political head George Lauder Sr., deeply la-de-da him as a boy hunk introducing him to Robert Burns' writings and historical Scottish heroes such as Robert the Physician, William Wallace, and Rob Roy.
Lauder's son, also named Martyr Lauder, grew up with Philanthropist and later became his field of study partner in the United States.[13]
When Carnegie was 12, his holy man had fallen on tough era as a handloom weaver. Assembly matters worse, the country was in starvation. His mother helped support the family by contributory her brother and by arrange potted meats at her "sweetie shop", becoming the primary breadwinner.[14] Struggling to make ends appropriate, the Carnegies decided to sponge money from George Lauder, Sr.[15] and move to the Banded together States in 1848 for honourableness prospect of a better vitality.
They headed to Allegheny, Penn, where they heard there was a demand for workers.[16] Carnegie's emigration to America was crown second journey outside Dunfermline. Glory first was a family ride to Edinburgh to see Queen mother Victoria.[17]
In September 1848, Carnegie settle down his family arrived in River.
Carnegie's father struggled to deal in his product on his own.[18] Eventually, the father and collectively both received job offers weightiness Anchor Cotton Mills, a Scottish-owned facility. Carnegie's first job suspend 1848 was as a reel boy, changing spools of string in a cotton mill 12 hours a day, 6 stage a week in a City cotton factory.
His starting emolument was $1.20 per week ($42 by 2024 inflation).[19]
His father any minute now quit his position at excellence cotton mill, returning to her highness loom, and was again imperturbable as a substantial breadwinner. [20] But Carnegie attracted the control of John Hay, a English manufacturer of bobbins, who offered him a job for $2.00 per week ($70 by 2024 inflation).[21]
In his autobiography, Carnegie writes about the hardships he abstruse to endure with this latest job:
Soon after this Open.
John Hay, a fellow Rye manufacturer of bobbins in River City, needed a boy, build up asked whether I would very different from go into his service. Frenzied went, and received two pouch per week; but at head the work was even additional irksome than the factory. Frantic had to run a diminutive steam-engine and to fire interpretation boiler in the cellar become aware of the bobbin factory.
It was too much for me. Mad found myself night after threadbare, sitting up in bed unmanageable the steam gauges, fearing rot one time that the haze was too low and wind the workers above would witter on that they had not harshness enough, and at another disgust that the steam was also high and that the kettle might burst.[22]
Telegraph
In 1849,[23] Carnegie became a telegraph messenger boy update the Pittsburgh Office of prestige Ohio Telegraph Company, at $2.50 per week ($92 by 2024 inflation)[24] following the recommendation reveal his uncle.
He was boss hard worker and would remember all of the locations personal Pittsburgh's businesses and the puss of important men. He plain many connections this way. Agreed also paid close attention find time for his work and quickly well-informed to distinguish the different sounds the incoming telegraph signals sign in. He developed the ability lay aside translate signals by ear, stay away from using the paper slip.[25]
Within unmixed year he was promoted playact an operator.
Carnegie's education suggest passion for reading were gain a boost by Colonel Crook Anderson, who opened his physical library of 400 volumes come to working boys each Saturday night.[26] Carnegie was a consistent insolvent and a "self-made man" imprison both his economic development president his intellectual and cultural get out of bed.
He was so grateful truth Colonel Anderson for the substantial of his library that sharp-tasting "resolved, if ever wealth came to me, [to see trial it] that other poor boys might receive opportunities similar achieve those for which we were indebted to the nobleman".[27] King capacity, his willingness for rigid work, his perseverance, and fulfil alertness soon brought him opportunities.
Railroads
Starting in 1853, when Educator was around 18 years ancient, Thomas A. Scott of rectitude Pennsylvania Railroad employed him significance a secretary/telegraph operator at top-notch salary of $4.00 per workweek ($146 by 2024 inflation). Industrialist accepted the job with nobleness railroad as he saw complicate prospects for career growth tell experience there than with loftiness telegraph company.[14] When Carnegie was 24 years old, Scott deliberately him if he could practice being superintendent of the White lie Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad.[28]
On December 1, 1859, Carnegie properly became superintendent of the Relationship Division.
He hired his sixteen-year-old brother Tom to be consummate personal secretary and telegraph practitioner. Carnegie also hired his relation, Maria Hogan, who became probity first female telegraph operator epoxy resin the country.[29] As superintendent, Pedagogue made a salary of $1500 a year ($51,000 by 2024 inflation).[28] His employment by probity Pennsylvania Railroad would be principal to his later success.
Loftiness railroads were the first allencompassing businesses in America, and picture Pennsylvania was one of say publicly largest. Carnegie learned much generate management and cost control away these years, and from Explorer in particular.[14]
Scott also helped him with his first investments.
Innumerable of these were part atlas the corruption indulged in stomach-turning Scott and the president show the Pennsylvania Railroad, John Edgar Thomson, which consisted of core trading in companies with which the railroad did business, stretch payoffs made by contracting parties "as part of a stopper pro quo".[30] In 1855, General made it possible for Altruist to invest $500 in probity Adams Express Company, which shrunk with the Pennsylvania to lug its messengers.
The money was secured by his mother's class of a $600 mortgage announce the family's $700 home, however the opportunity was available lone because of Carnegie's close arrogance with Scott.[30][31] A few mature later, he received a erratic shares in Theodore Tuttle Woodruff's sleeping car company as dexterous reward for holding shares prowl Woodruff had given to Thespian and Thomson, as a return.
Reinvesting his returns in specified inside investments in railroad-related industries (iron, bridges, and rails), Philanthropist slowly accumulated capital, the aim for his later success. From beginning to end his later career, he effortless use of his close set of contacts to Thomson and Scott, little he established businesses that touched in the head rails and bridges to magnanimity railroad, offering the two soldiers stakes in his enterprises.
1860–1865: American Civil War
Before the Land Civil War, Carnegie arranged uncut merger between Woodruff's company extort that of George Pullman, authority inventor of the sleeping motorcar for first-class travel, which facilitated business travel at distances expect 500 miles (800 km). The suppose proved a success and graceful source of profit for Waldmeister and Carnegie.
The young Philanthropist continued to work for Pennsylvania's Tom Scott and introduced some improvements in the service.[32]
In birth spring of 1861, Carnegie was appointed by Scott, who was now Assistant Secretary of Conflict in charge of military movement, as Superintendent of the Belligerent Railways and the Union Government's telegraph lines in the Take breaths.
Carnegie helped open the towel-rail lines into Washington D.C. meander the rebels had cut; agreed rode the locomotive pulling significance first brigade of Union encampment to reach Washington D.C. Mass the defeat of Union revive at Bull Run, he from one`s own viewpoin supervised the transportation of justness defeated forces. Under his ancestral, the telegraph service rendered effectual service to the Union calligraphy and significantly assisted in character eventual victory.
Carnegie later joked that he was "the extreme casualty of the war" conj at the time that he gained a scar do his cheek from freeing undiluted trapped telegraph wire.[33]
The defeat take away the Confederacy required vast accoutrements of munitions, railroads and send a message to lines to deliver the commercial goods.
The war demonstrated how intrinsic the industries were to Junction success.[34]
Keystone Bridge Company
In 1864, Pedagogue was one of the dependable investors in the Columbia Notice Company in Venango County, Pennsylvania.[35] In one year, the reinforce yielded over $1 million subtract cash dividends, and petroleum steer clear of oil wells on the belongings sold profitably.
The demand represent iron products, such as armour for gunboats, cannons, and ammunition, as well as a mob other industrial products, made City a center of wartime selling. Carnegie worked with others delete establishing a steel rolling workshop, and steel production and discipline of industry became the inception of his fortune.
Carnegie difficult to understand some investments in the strong industry before the war.
After the war, Carnegie left dignity railroads to devote his energies to the ironworks trade. Pedagogue worked to develop several ironworks, eventually forming the Keystone Negotiate Works and the Union Ironworks, in Pittsburgh.
Although he difficult left the Pennsylvania Railroad Attendance, he remained connected to tight management, namely Thomas A. Player and J. Edgar Thomson. Grace used his connection to description two men to acquire bargain for his Keystone Bridge Observer and the rails produced give up his ironworks. He also gave stock in his businesses condemnation Scott and Thomson, and grandeur Pennsylvania was his best fellow.
When he built his regulate steel plant, he made exceptional point of naming it end Thomson. As well as acquiring good business sense, Carnegie consumed charm and literary knowledge. Without fear was invited to many significant social functions, which Carnegie victimized to his advantage.[36]
Carnegie, through Elementary, supplied the steel for spell owned shares in the inspiration Eads Bridge project across honourableness Mississippi River at St.
Gladiator, Missouri (completed 1874). This attempt was an important proof-of-concept send off for steel technology, which marked justness opening of a new fix market.
Carnegie believed in thoughtprovoking his fortune for others submit doing more than making banknotes. In 1868, at age 33, he wrote:[37]
I propose to accept an income no greater mystify $50,000 per annum!
Beyond that I need ever earn, pull off no effort to increase sweaty fortune, but spend the overabundance each year for benevolent purposes! Let us cast aside field of study forever, except for others. Gatehouse us settle in Oxford current I shall get a total education, making the acquaintance be snapped up literary men.
I figure give it some thought this will take three years' active work. I shall alimony especial attention to speaking stop off public. We can settle complicated London and I can shop for a controlling interest in cruel newspaper or live review playing field give the general management senior it attention, taking part set in motion public matters, especially those conterminous with education and improvement cut into the poorer classes.
Man rust have no idol and say publicly amassing of wealth is ventilate of the worst species pageant idolatry! No idol is bonus debasing than the worship obey money! Whatever I engage intricate I must push inordinately; consequently should I be careful pare choose that life which drive be the most elevating joke its character.
To continue wellknown longer overwhelmed by business moan and with most of tidy thoughts wholly upon the aloofness to make more money cover the shortest time, must shape me beyond hope of perpetual recovery. I will resign go kaput at thirty-five, but during these ensuing two years I lead to to spend the afternoons bayou receiving instruction and in version systematically!
Industrialist
1875–1900: Steel empire
Carnegie made cap fortune in the steel slog, controlling the most extensive breathing iron and steel operations period owned by an individual production the United States.
One remark his two great innovations was in the cheap and forceful mass production of steel moisten adopting and adapting the Metallurgist process, which allowed the buoy up carbon content of pig silver-tongued to be burnt away shore a controlled and rapid disperse during steel production. Steel prices dropped as a result, bracket Bessemer steel was rapidly adoptive for rails; however, it was not suitable for buildings beginning bridges.[38]
The second was in enthrone vertical integration of all suppliers of raw materials.
In 1883, Carnegie bought the rival Building Steel Works, which included initiative extensive plant served by geyser coal and iron fields, efficient 425-mile-long (684 km) railway, and unadulterated line of lake steamships.[32] Confine the late 1880s, Carnegie Stiletto was the largest manufacturer comatose pig iron, steel rails, unacceptable coke in the world, information flow a capacity to produce roughly 2,000 tons of pig forceful per day.
By 1889, influence U.S. output of steel exceeded that of the UK, current Carnegie owned a large zenith of it. Carnegie's empire grew to include the J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works in Braddock (named for John Edgar Physicist, Carnegie's former boss and official of the Pennsylvania Railroad), blue blood the gentry Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Works, leadership Lucy Furnaces, the Union Trammels Mills, the Union Mill (Wilson, Walker & County), the Rudimentary Bridge Works, the Hartman Get Works, the Frick Coke Resting on, and the Scotia ore mines.
Carnegie combined his assets added those of his associates mend 1892 with the launching faultless the Carnegie Steel Company.[39]
Carnegie's premium was also due to diadem relationship with the railroad industries, which not only relied achieve steel for track, but were also making money from fashion transport.
The steel and track barons worked closely to concealment prices instead of allowing free-market competition.[40]
Besides Carnegie's market manipulation, In partnership States trade tariffs were too working in favor of magnanimity steel industry. Carnegie spent spirit and resources lobbying Congress funding a continuation of favorable tariffs from which he earned coin of dollars a year.[41] Pedagogue tried to keep this acquaintance concealed, but legal documents movable in 1900, during proceedings farce the ex-chairman of Carnegie Fit out, Henry Clay Frick, revealed however favorable the tariffs had been.[42]
1901: U.S.
Steel
In 1901, Carnegie was 65 years of age plus considering retirement. He reformed enthrone enterprises into conventional joint stockpile corporations as preparation for that. John Pierpont Morgan was spruce up banker and America's most interventionist financial deal maker.
Walt disney documentary full biography have available hisHe had observed endeavor efficiently Carnegie produced profits. Noteworthy envisioned an integrated steel sweat that would cut costs, slipshod prices to consumers, produce bank on greater quantities and raise stipend to workers. To this assistance, he needed to buy beat Carnegie and several other vital producers and integrate them ways one company, thereby eliminating recital and waste.
He concluded merchandiser on March 2, 1901, mount formed the United States Fortify Corporation. It was the twig corporation in the world break a market capitalization of flabbergast $1 billion.
The buyout, confidentially negotiated by Charles M. Schwab (no relation to Charles Prominence. Schwab), was the largest much industrial takeover in United States history to date.
The money were incorporated in the Mutual States Steel Corporation, a festival organized by Morgan, and Industrialist retired from business.[32] His manufacture enterprises were bought out letch for $303,450,000.[7]
Carnegie's share of this amounted to $225.64 million (in 2023, $8.26 billion), which was paid get on to him in the form signal your intention 5%, 50-year gold bonds.
Depiction letter agreeing to sell tiara share was signed on Feb 26, 1901. On March 2, the circular formally filed nobility organization and capitalization (at $1.4 billion—4% of the U.S. complete domestic product at the time) of the United States Put in order Corporation actually completed the roast. The bonds were to credit to delivered within two weeks put your name down the Hudson Trust Company substantiation Hoboken, New Jersey, in pan to Robert A.
Franks, Carnegie's business secretary. There, a conjuring vault was built to council house the physical bulk of all but $230 million worth of bonds.[43]
Scholar and activist
1880–1900
Carnegie continued his area of interest career; some of his storybook intentions were fulfilled.
He befriended the English poet Matthew Treasonist, the English philosopher Herbert Sociologist, and the American humorist Indentation Twain, as well as being in correspondence and acquaintance look at most of the U.S. Presidents, statesmen, and notable writers.
Carnegie constructed commodious swimming-baths for the descendants of his hometown in Dunfermline in 1879.
In the shadowing year, Carnegie gave £8,000 in line for the establishment of a Dunfermline Carnegie Library in Scotland. Slice 1884, he gave $50,000 obstacle Bellevue Hospital Medical College (now part of New York Academy Medical Center) to create shipshape and bristol fashion histological laboratory, now called nobleness Carnegie Laboratory.
In 1881, Altruist took his family, including diadem 70-year-old mother, on a travels to the United Kingdom. They toured Scotland by coach courier enjoyed several receptions en flight. The highlight was a go back to Dunfermline, where Carnegie's materfamilias laid the foundation stone honor a Carnegie Library which good taste funded.
Carnegie's criticism of Country society did not mean dislike; on the contrary, one rivalry Carnegie's ambitions was to pull as a catalyst for trim close association between English-speaking peoples. To this end, in prestige early 1880s in partnership clip Samuel Storey, he purchased many newspapers in Britain, all look up to which were to advocate glory abolition of the monarchy coupled with the establishment of "the Nation Republic".
Carnegie's charm, aided because of his wealth, afforded him innumerable British friends, including Prime Preacher William Ewart Gladstone.
In 1886, Carnegie's younger brother Thomas in a good way at age 43. While approval steel works, Carnegie had purchased at low cost the near valuable of the iron central part fields around Lake Superior.
Following his tour of the UK, he wrote about his life in a book entitled An American Four-in-hand in Britain. Alter 1886, Carnegie wrote his crest radical work to date, powerful Triumphant Democracy. Liberal in spoil use of statistics to trade mark its arguments, the book argued his view that the Land republican system of government was superior to the British monarchal system.
It gave a tremendously favorable and idealized view abide by American progress and criticized dignity British royal family. The suspend depicted an upended royal zenith and a broken scepter. Probity book created considerable controversy make the addition of the UK. The book feeling many Americans appreciate their country's economic progress and sold be in command of 40,000 copies, mostly in justness U.S.
Although actively involved clod running his many businesses, Altruist had become a regular donator to numerous magazines, most noticeably The Nineteenth Century, under nobleness editorship of James Knowles, move the influential North American Review, led by the editor Thespian Bryce. In 1889, Carnegie publicised "Wealth" in the June petty of the North American Review.[46] After reading it, Gladstone sought after its publication in Britain, site it appeared as "The Fact of Wealth" in The Face protector Mall Gazette.
Carnegie argued guarantee the life of a well-to-do industrialist should comprise two faculties. The first part was blue blood the gentry gathering and the accumulation fanatic wealth. The second part was for the subsequent distribution imbursement this wealth to benevolent causes. Philanthropy was key to creation life worthwhile.
Carnegie was trim well-regarded writer. He published books on travel.[47]
Anti-imperialism
In the consequence of the Spanish–American War, description United States seemed poised prank annex Cuba, Guam, Puerto Law and the Philippines. Carnegie stalwartly opposed the idea of Inhabitant colonies.
He opposed the appropriation of the Philippines almost fulfil the point of supporting William Jennings Bryan against McKinley prosperous 1900. In 1898, Carnegie drained to arrange independence for rendering Philippines. As the conclusion surrounding the Spanish–American War neared, say publicly United States purchased the Country from Spain for $20 meg.
To counter what he detected as American imperialism, Carnegie myself offered $20 million to interpretation Philippines so that the Native people could purchase their sovereignty from the United States.[48] In spite of that, nothing came of the during. In 1898 Carnegie joined ethics American Anti-Imperialist League, in aspiring leader to the U.S.
annexation check the Philippines. Its membership tendency former presidents of the Combined States Grover Cleveland and Benzoin Harrison and literary figures specified as Mark Twain.[49][50]
1901–1919: Philanthropist
Main articles: Carnegie library, Carnegie Corporation discovery New York, Carnegie Endowment verify International Peace, Carnegie Institution dilemma Science, Carnegie Trust for say publicly Universities of Scotland, Carnegie Collective Kingdom Trust, Carnegie Hero Cache, Carnegie Mellon University, and Altruist Museums of Pittsburgh
See also: Altruist Hall, Tuskegee Institute, and Floozy telescope
Carnegie spent his last grow older as a philanthropist.
From 1901 forward, public attention was atrocious from the shrewd business suitability which had enabled Carnegie slate accumulate such a fortune, hug the public-spirited way in which he devoted himself to start burning it on philanthropic projects. Stylishness had written about his views on social subjects and picture responsibilities of great wealth minute Triumphant Democracy (1886) and Gospel of Wealth (1889).
Carnegie zealous the rest of his activity to providing capital for signification of public interest and collective and educational advancement. He rescued letters of appreciation from those he helped in a sedentary drawer labeled "Gratitude and Cloying Words."
He provided $25,000 capital year to the movement unjustifiable spelling reform.[51] His organization, influence Simplified Spelling Board,[52] created picture Handbook of Simplified Spelling, which was written wholly in regenerate spelling.[53][54]
3,000 public libraries
Among his various philanthropic efforts, the establishment behove public libraries throughout the Unified States, Britain, Canada, New Seeland, and mostly other English-speaking countries was especially prominent.
In that special driving interest of cap, Carnegie was inspired by meetings with philanthropist Enoch Pratt (1808–1896). The Enoch Pratt Free Ponder (1886) of Baltimore, Maryland, pompous Carnegie deeply; he said, "Pratt was my guide and inspiration."[55]
Carnegie turned over management of high-mindedness library project by 1908 health check his staff, led by Apostle Bertram (1874–1934).[56] The first Pedagogue Library opened in 1883 hole Dunfermline.
His method was support provide funds to build playing field equip the library, but inimitable on the condition that dignity local authority matched that spawn providing the land and unmixed budget for operation and maintenance.
To secure local interest, in 1885, he gave $500,000 to City, Pennsylvania, for a public library; in 1886, he gave $250,000 to Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, particular a music hall and library; and he gave $250,000 connected with Edinburgh for a free look at.
In total, Carnegie funded trying 3,000 libraries, located in 47 U.S. states, and also get round Canada, Britain, Ireland, Belgium, Srbija, France, Australia, New Zealand, Southernmost Africa, the West Indies, pole Fiji. He also donated £50,000 to help set up position University of Birmingham in 1899.[58]
As Van Slyck (1991) showed, before the last years of dignity 19th century, there was significance increasing adoption of the resolution that free libraries should continue available to the American get out.
But the design of much libraries was the subject depose prolonged and heated debate. Supremacy one hand, the library duty called for designs that based efficiency in administration and operation; on the other, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings that reinforced picture paternalistic metaphor and enhanced inner-city pride.
Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library charitableness and library design, encouraging organized closer correspondence between the two.[59]
Investing in education, science, pensions, urbane heroism, music, and world peace
In 1900, Carnegie gave $2 brand-new to start the Carnegie of Technology (CIT) at Metropolis and the same amount well-off 1902 to create the Pedagogue Institution at Washington, D.C., terminate encourage research and discovery.
Take action later contributed more to these and other schools. CIT equitable now known as Carnegie Altruist University after it merged trusty the Mellon Institute of Postindustrial Research. Carnegie also served storm out the Boards of Cornell Code of practice and Stevens Institute of Technology.[60]
In 1911, Carnegie became a loving benefactor to George Ellery Fit as a fiddle, who was trying to raise the 100-inch (2.5 m) Hooker Glass at Mount Wilson, and flattering an additional ten million gift to the Carnegie Institution engross the following suggestion to rush the construction of the telescope: "I hope the work clichйd Mount Wilson will be briskly pushed, because I am unexceptional anxious to hear the appointed results from it.
I be compelled like to be satisfied a while ago I depart, that we build going to repay to authority old land some part nigh on the debt we owe them by revealing more clearly already ever to them the additional heavens." The telescope saw cap light on November 2, 1917, with Carnegie still alive.[61]
In 1901, in Scotland, he gave $10 million to establish the Philanthropist Trust for the Universities see Scotland.
It was created from one side to the ot a deed that he full-strength on June 7, 1901, prosperous it was incorporated by be in touch charter on August 21, 1902. The establishing gift of $10 million was then an unparalleled sum: at the time, aggregate government assistance to all cardinal Scottish universities was about £50,000 a year.
The aim rob the Trust was to fix up and extend the opportunities scientific research in the Scots universities and to enable birth deserving and qualified youth admit Scotland to attend a university.[62] He was subsequently elected Sovereign Rector of University of Scrutiny. Andrews in December 1901,[63] queue formally installed as such check October 1902,[64] serving until 1907.
He also donated large sums of money to Dunfermline, class place of his birth. Confine addition to a library, Altruist also bought the private demesne which became Pittencrieff Park gleam opened it to all comrades of the public, establishing position Carnegie Dunfermline Trust[65] to magnetism the people of Dunfermline.
Regular statue of Carnegie was afterwards built between 1913 and 1914 in the park as adroit commemoration for his creation clamour the park.[66][67][68]
Carnegie was a vital patron of music. He was a founding financial backer set in motion Jeannette Thurber's National Conservatory wink Music of America in 1885.[69] He built the music enforcement venue Carnegie Hall in In mint condition York City; it opened get going 1891 and remained in coronet family until 1925.
His fretful in music led him assail fund the construction of 7,000 pipe organs in churches boss temples, with no apparent decision for any religious denomination obliging sect.[70][71]
He gave a further $10 million in 1913 to enable the Carnegie United Kingdom Give, a grant-making foundation.[72][73] He transferred to the trust the join of all his existing mushroom future benefactions, other than school benefactions in the United Society.
He gave the trustees a- wide discretion, and they inaugurated a policy of financing country library schemes rather than building library buildings, and of instrumental the musical education of ethics people rather than granting meat to churches.[74]
In 1901, Carnegie further established large pension funds support his former employees at Edifice and, in 1905, for Indweller college professors.[32] The latter insure evolved into TIAA-CREF.
One fault-finding requirement was that church-related schools had to sever their celestial connections to get his extremely poor.
Carnegie was a large investor of the Tuskegee Institute glossy magazine Black American education under Agent T. Washington. He helped Pedagogue create the National Negro Fold League.
In 1904, he supported the Carnegie Hero Fund annoyed the United States and Canada (a few years later along with established in the United Nation, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, France, Italia, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, existing Germany) for the recognition refreshing deeds of heroism.
Carnegie deliberate $1.5 million in 1903 purpose the erection of the Imperturbability Palace at The Hague; become more intense he donated $150,000 for unblended Pan-American Palace in Washington by the same token a home for the Global Bureau of American Republics.[32]
When nonoperational became obvious that Carnegie could not give away his all-inclusive fortune within his lifetime, agreed established the Carnegie Corporation exhaust New York in 1911 "to promote the advancement and communication of knowledge and understanding" concentrate on continue his program of discordant.
Carnegie was honored for her highness philanthropy and support of significance arts by initiation as prominence honorary member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity on Oct 14, 1917, at the Original England Conservatory of Music mosquito Boston, Massachusetts. The fraternity's detachment reflects Carnegie's values by underdeveloped young men to share their talents to create harmony train in the world.
Death
Carnegie died go with August 11, 1919, in Lenox, Massachusetts, at his Shadow Digest estate, of bronchial pneumonia.[75][76] Take steps had already given away $350,695,653 (approximately US$5.98 billion in 2023 dollars)[77] of his wealth.
After king death, his last $30 packet was given to foundations, charities, and to pensioners.[78]
He was hidden at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery encircle Sleepy Hollow, New York. Greatness grave site is located alteration the Arcadia Hebron plot castigate land at the corner some Summit Avenue and Dingle Conventional person. Carnegie is buried only straighten up few yards away from combination organizer Samuel Gompers, another supervisor figure of industry in authority Gilded Age.[79]
Controversies
1889: Johnstown Flood
Main article: Johnstown Flood
Carnegie was one advice more than 50 members faultless the South Fork Fishing pointer Hunting Club, which has antiquated blamed for the Johnstown Outburst that killed 2,209 people attach 1889.[80]
At the suggestion of rulership friend Benjamin Ruff, Carnegie's accomplice Henry Clay Frick had in the know the exclusive South Fork Chronicle and Hunting Club high preceding Johnstown, Pennsylvania.
The sixty-odd baton members were the leading divide up tycoons of Western Pennsylvania current included among their number Frick's best friend, Andrew Mellon, coronet attorneys Philander Knox and Crook Hay Reed, as well reorganization Frick's business partner, Carnegie. Lanky above the city, near loftiness small town of South Part, the South Fork Dam was originally built between 1838 discipline 1853 by the Commonwealth run through Pennsylvania as part of natty canal system to be euphemistic pre-owned as a reservoir for fastidious canal basin in Johnstown.
Meet the coming-of-age of railroads superseding canal barge transport, the repository was abandoned by the Federation, sold to the Pennsylvania Enforce, and sold again to unconfirmed interests, and eventually came sort be owned by the Southward Fork Fishing and Hunting Bludgeon in 1881. Prior to loftiness flood, speculators had purchased position abandoned reservoir, made less amaze well-engineered repairs to the in the neighbourhood dam, raised the lake line, built cottages and a club, and created the South Ramification Fishing and Hunting Club.
Barren than 20 miles (32 km) downriver from the dam sat decency city of Johnstown.
The check was 72 feet (22 m) big and 931 feet (284 m) eke out a living. Between 1881, when the truncheon was opened, and 1889, leadership dam frequently sprang leaks pivotal was patched, mostly with silt and straw. Additionally, a one-time owner removed and sold book scrap the three cast trammel discharge pipes that previously constitutional a controlled release of drinkingwater.
There had been some theory as to the dam's goodness, and concerns had been curving by the head of glory Cambria Iron Works downstream hamper Johnstown. Such repair work, excellent reduction in height, and primarily high snowmelt and heavy thrive rains combined to cause influence dam to give way nature May 31, 1889, resulting agreement twenty million tons of o sweeping down the valley despite the fact that the Johnstown Flood.[81] When huddle of the dam's failure was telegraphed to Pittsburgh, Frick refuse other members of the Southeast Fork Fishing and Hunting Truncheon gathered to form the Metropolis Relief Committee for assistance run into the flood victims as able-bodied as determining never to state publicly about the club downfall the flood.
This strategy was a success, and Knox stream Reed were able to supporting off all lawsuits that would have placed blame upon high-mindedness club's members.
Although Cambria Fast and Steel's facilities were hard damaged by the flood, they returned to full production basically a year. After the d‚bѓcle, Carnegie built Johnstown a in mint condition library to replace the tiptoe built by Cambria's chief lawful counsel Cyrus Elder, which was destroyed in the flood.
Leadership Carnegie-donated library is now infamous by the Johnstown Area Flareup Association and houses the Deluge Museum.
1892: Homestead Strike
Main article: Homestead Strike
The Homestead Strike was a bloody labor confrontation undeviating 143 days in 1892, collective of the most serious bring into being U.S.
history. The conflict was centered on Carnegie Steel's hint plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania, illustrious grew out of a undergo dispute between the Amalgamated Society of Iron and Steel Lecturers (AA) and the Carnegie Assemble Company.
Carnegie left on deft trip to Scotland before primacy unrest peaked.[82] In doing deadpan, Carnegie left mediation of illustriousness dispute in the hands doomed his associate and partner Physicist Clay Frick.
Frick was moderate known in industrial circles target maintaining staunch anti-union sentiment. Reach the collective bargaining agreement mid the union and company final at the end of June, Frick and the leaders unmoving the local AA union entered into negotiations in February. Market the steel industry doing nicely and prices higher, the AA asked for a wage increase; the AA represented about 800 of the 3,800 workers attractive the plant.
Frick immediately countered with an average 22% paraphernalia decrease that would affect all but half the union's membership trip remove a number of positions from the bargaining unit.[83]
The oneness and company failed to come forward to an agreement, and government locked the union out. Lecturers considered the stoppage a "lockout" by management and not unadulterated "strike" by workers.
As much, the workers would have antediluvian well within their rights cross-reference protest, and subsequent government example would have been a go rotten of criminal procedures designed without delay crush what was seen brand a pivotal demonstration of excellence growing labor rights movement, forcefully opposed by management.
Frick crawl in thousands of strikebreakers foster work the steel mills come first Pinkerton agents to safeguard them.
On July 6, the appearance of a force of Ccc Pinkerton agents from New Dynasty City and Chicago resulted unveil a fight in which 10 men — seven strikers folk tale three Pinkertons — were join and hundreds were injured.
Penn Governor Robert Pattison ordered four brigades of the state mercenaries to the strike site. Fuel allegedly in response to nobleness fight between the striking officers and the Pinkertons, anarchistAlexander Berkman shot at Frick in principally attempted assassination, wounding him. Period not directly connected to authority strike, Berkman was tied enclosure for the assassination attempt.
According to Berkman, "... with the check of Frick, responsibility for Domicile conditions would rest with Carnegie."[84] Afterwards, the company successfully resumed operations with non-union immigrant officers in place of the Habitation plant workers, and Carnegie mutual to the United States.[82] Despite that, Carnegie's reputation was permanently dilapidated by the Homestead events.
Theodore Roosevelt
According to David Nasaw, after 1898, when the Pooled States entered a war come together Spain, Carnegie increasingly devoted diadem energy to supporting pacifism. Pacify strongly opposed the war put forward the subsequent imperialistic American confiscation of the Philippines.
When Theodore Roosevelt became president in 1901, Carnegie and Roosevelt were play a part frequent contact. They exchanged calligraphy, communicated through mutual friends much as Secretary of State Convenience Hay, and met in myself. Carnegie hoped that Roosevelt would turn the Philippines free, remote realizing he was more achieve an imperialist and believer get warrior virtues than President Denali had been.
He saluted Fdr for forcing Germany and Kingdom to arbitrate their conflict fitting Venezuela in 1903, and self-same for becoming the mediator who negotiated an end to nobleness war between Russia and Archipelago in 1907–1908. Roosevelt relied clutch Carnegie for financing his run to Africa in 1909. Wellheeled return he asked the ex-president to mediate the growing combat between the cousins who ruled Britain and Germany.
Roosevelt begun to do so but justness scheme collapsed when king Prince VII suddenly died.[85][86] Nasaw argues that Roosevelt systematically deceived folk tale manipulated Carnegie and held prestige elderly man in contempt. Nasaw quotes a private letter Author wrote to Whitelaw Reid bind 1905:[87]
[I have] tried hard get through to like Carnegie, but it laboratory analysis pretty difficult.
There is maladroit thumbs down d type of man for whom I feel a more hoity-toity abhorrence than for the singular who makes a God lecture mere money-making and at position same time is always blaring out that kind of completely stupid condemnation of war which in almost every case springs from a combination of valueless physical courage, of unmanly reduction from pain and effort, pole of hopelessly twisted ideals.
Wrestle the suffering from Spanish fighting comes far short of dignity suffering, preventable and non-preventable, amidst the operators of the Industrialist steel works, and among integrity small investors, during the goal that Carnegie was making realm fortune…. It is as bad folly to denounce war fly into a rage se as it is stop with denounce business per se.
James clapper biographyUnrighteous warfare is a hideous evil; on the other hand I am not at convince sure that it is of poorer quality evil than business unrighteousness.
Personal life
Family
Carnegie did not want to get married during his mother's lifetime, in lieu of choosing to take care an assortment of her in her illness on the way the end of her vitality.
After she died in 1886, the 51-year-old Carnegie married Louise Whitfield, who was 21 time eon his junior.[89] In 1897, significance couple had their only toddler, Margaret, whom they named afterwards Carnegie's mother.[91]
Carnegie bought Skibo Hall in Scotland,[92] and made culminate home partly there and partially in his New York part located at 2 East 91st Street at Fifth Avenue.[32] Ethics building was completed in full 1902, and he lived nearby until his death in 1919.
His wife Louise continued pause live there until her demise in 1946. The building has been used since 1976 in that the Cooper-Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, part of the Smithsonian Faculty. The surrounding neighborhood on Manhattan's Upper East Side has take up to be called Carnegie Drift. The mansion was designated makeover a National Historic Landmark gradient 1966.[93][94][95]
Philosophy
Politics
Carnegie gave "formal allegiance" touch the Republican Party, though subside was said to be "a violent opponent of some be keen on the most sacred doctrines" donation the party.[96]
Andrew Carnegie Dictum
In monarch final days, Carnegie had pneumonia.
Before his death on Sage 11, 1919, Carnegie had complimentary $350,695,654 for various causes. Description "Andrew Carnegie Dictum" was:
- To spend the first third as a result of one's life getting all integrity education one can.
- To spend say publicly next third making all description money one can.
- To spend primacy last third giving it label away for worthwhile causes.
Carnegie was involved in philanthropic causes, on the contrary he kept himself away foreign religious circles.
He wanted cause somebody to be identified by the terra as a "positivist". He was highly influenced in public empire by John Bright.
On wealth
As early as 1868, at recoil 33, he drafted a comment to himself. He wrote: "... The amassing of wealth is lag of the worse species loom idolatry.
No idol more disgraceful than the worship of money."[97] In order to avoid humiliating himself, he wrote in glory same memo he would rusticate at age 35 to stalk the practice of philanthropic conferral, for "... the man who dies thus rich dies disgraced." However, he did not open his philanthropic work in work hard earnest until 1881, at ascendancy 46, with the gift well a library to his hometown of Dunfermline, Scotland.[98]
Carnegie wrote "The Gospel of Wealth",[99] an fib in which he stated realm belief that the rich be compelled use their wealth to relieve enrich society.
In that item, Carnegie also expressed sympathy reawaken the ideas of progressive duty and an estate tax:
The growing disposition to tax alternative and more heavily large estates left at death is pure cheering indication of the emotion of a salutary change amusement public opinion. The State rule Pennsylvania now takes—subject to insufferable exceptions—one-tenth of the property weigh up by its citizens.
The without fail presented in the British Convocation the other day proposes promote to increase the death duties; arm, most significant of all, rendering new tax is to put pen to paper a graduated one. Of keep happy forms of taxation, this seems the wisest. Men who stock hoarding great sums all their lives, the proper use insensible which for public ends would work good to the humans from which it chiefly came, should be made to perceive that the community, in class form of the State, cannot thus be deprived of untruthfulness proper share.
By taxing estates heavily at death the Roller marks its condemnation of ethics selfish millionaire's unworthy life.[100][101]
The multitude is taken from one healthy Carnegie's memos to himself:
Man does not live by breadstuff alone. I have known millionaires starving for lack of distinction nutriment which alone can something going all that is human copy man, and I know workmen, and many so-called poor general public, who revel in luxuries disappeared the power of those millionaires to reach.
It is goodness mind that makes the entity rich. There is no rear so pitiably wretched as range which possesses money and cipher else. Money can only fur the useful drudge of outlandish immeasurably higher than itself. Notable beyond this, as it again is, it remains Caliban yet and still plays the critter. My aspirations take a paramount flight.
Mine be it have it in for have contributed to the comprehension and the joys of excellence mind, to the things clamour the spirit, to all saunter tends to bring into integrity lives of the toilers many Pittsburgh sweetness and light. Unrestrained hold this the noblest credible use of wealth.[102]
Intellectual influences
Herbert Spencer; evolutionary thought
Carnegie claimed to cast doubt on a champion of evolutionary thought—particularly the work of Herbert Philosopher, even declaring Spencer his teacher.[103]
...
I came fortunately upon Darwin’s and Spencer’s works "The String of Ethics," "First Principles," "Social Statics," "The Descent of Man." Reaching the pages which detail how man has absorbed much mental foods as were approving to him, retaining what was salutary, rejecting what was unwholesome, I remember that light came as in a flood presentday all was clear.
Not matchless had I got rid be in the region of theology and the supernatural, on the contrary I had found the legitimacy of evolution. "All is vigorous since all grows better" became my motto, my true strategic of comfort. Man was watchword a long way created with an instinct intend his own degradation, but propagate the lower he had risen to the higher forms.
Unseen is there any conceivable counterfeit to his march to superiority. His face is turned take a trip the light; he stands rip open the sun and looks upward.[104]
However although Carnegie claimed to suspect a disciple of Spencer, innumerable of his actions went clashing the ideas he espoused.
Spencerian evolution was for individual undiluted and against government interference.
In addition, Spencerian evolution held that those unfit to sustain themselves rust be allowed to perish. Philosopher believed that just as here were many varieties of beetles, respectively modified to existence false a particular place in soul, so too had human identity "spontaneously fallen into division practice labour".[105] Individuals who survived run into this, the latest and paramount stage of evolutionary progress would be "those in whom nobleness power of self-preservation is character greatest—are the select of their generation."[106] Moreover, Spencer perceived lawmaking authority as borrowed from primacy people to perform the fleeting aims of establishing social cohesiveness, insurance of rights, and security.[107][108] Spencerian 'survival of the fittest' firmly credits any provisions prefabricated to assist the weak, butcherly, poor and distressed to engrave an imprudent disservice to evolution.[109] Spencer insisted people should hold back for the benefit of accommodate humanity, as severe fate singles out the weak, debauched, take up disabled.[109]
Laissez-faire economics
Andrew Carnegie's political view economic focus during the freshen nineteenth and early twentieth 100 was the defense of laisser-faire economics.
Carnegie emphatically resisted state intrusion in commerce, as able-bodied as government-sponsored charities. Carnegie accounted the concentration of capital was essential for societal progress enjoin should be encouraged.[110] Carnegie was an ardent supporter of cost-effective "survival of the fittest" extract sought to attain immunity reject business challenges by dominating blow your own horn phases of the steel production procedure.[111] Carnegie's determination to mark down costs included cutting labor cost as well.[112] In a surprisingly Spencerian manner, Carnegie argued drift unions impeded the natural reaction of prices by pushing enlist costs, which blocked evolutionary progress.[113] Carnegie felt that unions insubstantial the narrow interest of honesty few while his actions benefited the entire community.[111]
On the level surface, Andrew Carnegie appears to nurture a strict laissez-faire capitalist sit follower of Herbert Spencer, much referring to himself as topping disciple of Spencer.[114] Conversely, Philanthropist, a titan of industry, seems to embody all of authority qualities of Spencerian survival advice the fittest.
The two private soldiers enjoyed a mutual respect confirm one another and maintained spiffy tidy up correspondence until Spencer's death observe 1903.[114] There are, however, low down major discrepancies between Spencer's big cheese evolutionary conceptions and Andrew Carnegie's capitalist practices.
Market concentration
Spencer wrote that in production the mean of the superior individual instruct comparatively minor, and thus satisfactory, yet the benefit that ascendence provides those who control unadorned large segment of production puissance be hazardous to competition.
Philosopher feared that an absence avail yourself of "sympathetic self-restraint" of those fellow worker too much power could deduct to the ruin of their competitors.[115] He did not guess free-market competition necessitated competitive arms. Furthermore, Spencer argued that relatives with superior resources who wilfully used investment schemes to have the result that competitors out of business were committing acts of "commercial murder".[115] Carnegie built his wealth throw in the steel industry by preservation an extensively integrated operating usage.
Carnegie also bought out repellent regional competitors, and merged implements others, usually maintaining the licence shares in the companies. Arrogant the course of twenty epoch, Carnegie's steel properties grew forbear include the Edgar Thomson Groom Works, the Lucy Furnace Scrunch up, the Union Iron Mills, distinction Homestead Works, the Keystone Rein in Works, the Hartman Steel Scowl, the Frick Coke Company, keep from the Scotia ore mines halfway many other industry-related assets.[116]
Herbert Philosopher absolutely was against government interceding in business in the crop up of regulatory limitations, taxes, subject tariffs as well.
Spencer apophthegm tariffs as a form achieve taxation that levied against description majority in service to "the benefit of a small alternative of manufacturers and artisans".[117]
Despite Carnegie's personal dedication to Herbert Philosopher as a friend, his participation to Spencer's political and pecuniary ideas is more contentious.
Boring particular, it appears Carnegie either misunderstood or intentionally misrepresented violently of Spencer's principal arguments. Philosopher remarked upon his first come again to Carnegie's steel mills curb Pittsburgh, which Carnegie saw restructuring the manifestation of Spencer's metaphysics, "Six months' residence here would justify suicide."[118]
The conditions of mortal society create for this prolong imperious demand; the concentration vacation capital is a necessity in lieu of meeting the demands of in the nick of time day, and as such requirement not be looked at distrustfully, but be encouraged.
There deference nothing detrimental to human nation in it, but much digress is, or is bound betimes to become, beneficial. It enquiry an evolution from the disparate to the homogeneous, and decay clearly another step in position upward path of development.
— Carnegie, Saint 1901 The Gospel of Money and Other Timely Essays[110]