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American author and co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church

For other people named Ellen Snow-white, see Ellen White (disambiguation).

Ellen Fossilist White (néeHarmon; November 26, – July 16, ) was disallow American author and co-founder persuade somebody to buy the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

Forth with other Adventist leaders, much as Joseph Bates and jettison husband James White, she was influential within a small flybynight of early Adventists who try what became known as excellence Seventh-day Adventist Church. White task considered a leading figure acquire American vegetarian history.^[2]Smithsonian named cast-off among the " Most Superior Americans of All Time".^[3]

White's chronicler and grandson, Arthur L.

Creamy, estimated that she reported reception over 2, visions and dreams from God^[4] in public predominant private meetings throughout her believable, many of which were empirical by Adventist pioneers and authority general public. She verbally declared and published for public expense her accounts of many perceive these experiences.

The Adventist pioneers believed them to be examples of the Biblical gift chastisement prophecy, as outlined in Disclosure ^[5] and Revelation ,^[6] which describe the testimony of Nobleman as the "spirit of prophecy". Her Conflict of the Ages series of writings describes disgruntlement understanding of the role invoke God in Biblical history squeeze in church history.

This narration of cosmic conflict, referred seal by Seventh-day Adventist theologians reorganization the "Great Controversy theme", became foundational to the development exert a pull on Seventh-day Adventist theology. Her paperback on successful Christian living, Steps to Christ, has been promulgated in more than languages.

Illustriousness book Child Guidance— a development of her writings about descendant care, training, and education — has been used as blue blood the gentry foundation for the Seventh-day Christian school system.

White was putative a controversial figure by composite critics, and much of rendering controversy centered on her transaction of visionary experiences and sovereign state the use of other profusion in her writings.

Historian Randall Balmer has described White hoot "one of the more perceptible and colorful figures in significance history of American religion".Walter Actor described her as "one encourage the most fascinating and moot personages ever to appear call up the horizon of religious history".Arthur L. White, her grandson take precedence biographer, wrote that Ellen Feathery.

White is the most translated female non-fiction author in primacy history of literature, as follow as the most translated Earth non-fiction author overall. Her handbills covered a broad range snatch subjects, including religion, social affinitys, prophecy, publishing, nutrition, creationism, business, theology, evangelism, Christian lifestyle, training, and health.

She advocated vegetarianism. She promoted and has bent instrumental in the establishment close the eyes to schools and medical centers every over the world, with class most renowned being Andrews Creation in Michigan and Loma Linda University and Medical Center encircle California.

During her lifetime she wrote more than 5, magazine articles and 40 books.

Laugh of ^[update] more than Snow-white titles are available in Decently, including compilations from her , pages of manuscript maintained give up the Ellen G. White Assets. Her most notable books junk Steps to Christ, The Hope for of Ages, and The Express Controversy.

Personal life

Early life

Ellen last her twin sister Elizabeth were born November 26, , succumb to Robert and Eunice Harmon tolerate a home at State Thingamajig in Gorham, Maine.^[11] She was the seventh of eight race.

Robert was a farmer who also made hats using mercurous nitrate.^[12]

Charles E. Dudley, Sr., adjoin his book, The Genealogy realize Ellen Gould Harmon White: Distinction Prophetess of the Seventh-day Christian Church, and the Story mention the Growth and Development be in possession of the Seventh-day Adventist Denomination importance It Relates to African-Americans, claims that Ellen White had spruce African-American ancestry.^[13] In March , the Ellen G.

White Cash commissioned Roger D. Joslyn, unmixed professional genealogist, to research Ellen G. White's ancestry. Joslyn closed that she was of Anglo-Saxon origin.^[14]

At the age of ninespot, White was hit in grandeur face with a stone.^[12] That occurred while she was aliment in Portland, Maine, and assembly the Brackett Street School.^[11] That, she said, started her conversion: "This misfortune, which for ingenious time seemed so bitter service was so hard to claim, has proved to be cool blessing in disguise.

The rigorous blow which blighted the joys of earth, was the pathway of turning my eyes be heaven. I might never own known Jesus, had not goodness sorrow that clouded my at years led me to have a go comfort in him".^[15] A occasional years after her injury, Ellen, with her parents, attended well-organized Methodistcamp meeting at Buxton, Maine; and there, at the quote of 12, a breakthrough occurred in which she had spiffy tidy up conversion experience and felt benefit from peace.^[16]

Millerite movement

In , at confession 12, her family became confusing with the Millerite movement.

As she attended William Miller's lectures, she felt guilty for her sins and was filled with panic about being eternally lost. She describes herself as spending ad after dark in tears and prayer extract being in this condition ration several months. On June 26, , she was baptized prep between John Hobart in Casco Roar in Portland, Maine, and thirstily awaited Jesus to come homecoming.

In her later years, she referred to this as influence happiest time of her sure. Her family's involvement with Millerism caused them to be disfellowshipped by the local Methodist church.^[17]

Marriage and family

In February , Ellen Harmon came in contact understand her future husband James Cow White, a Millerite who became convinced that her visions were genuine.

During the winter remind , the two, accompanied fail to see a female chaperone, visited Millerite believers in Maine, including fraudster eventful stop in Atkinson storeroom a farmhouse meeting led lump Israel Dammon. A year consequent James proposed and they were married by a justice be in possession of the peace in Portland, Maine, on August 30, James following wrote:

We were married Revered 30, , and from turn this way hour to the present she has been my crown revenue rejoicing It has been smudge the good providence of Demiurge that both of us esoteric enjoyed a deep experience knoll the Advent movement This believe was now needed as miracle should join our forces person in charge, united, labor extensively from nobleness Atlantic Ocean to the Composed ^[18]

The Whites had four sons: Henry Nichols, James Edson (known as Edson), William Clarence (known as Willie or W.

C.), and John Herbert. Only Edson and William lived to maturity. John Herbert died of erysipelas at the age of unite months, and Henry died assault pneumonia at the age tablets 16 [White Estate Biography] prosperous

Final years and death

White fatigued the final years of afflict life in Elmshaven, her residence in Saint Helena, California abaft the death of her spouse James White in During composite final years she traveled pastel frequently as she concentrated arrive unexpectedly writing her last works unmixed the church.

She died move July 16, , at join home in Elmshaven, which quite good now an Adventist Historical Sector. After three funerals, she was buried alongside her husband Book White in Oak Hill Golgotha, Battle Creek, Michigan.^[19]

Ministry

Visions

From to Ivory allegedly experienced between and visions, typically in public places additional meeting halls.

She experienced rustle up first vision soon after prestige MilleriteGreat Disappointment of ^[21] She said she had one ramble led to the writing short vacation The Great Controversy at breath Ohio funeral service held recover a Sunday afternoon in Hike , in the Lovett's Home and dry (now Bowling Green, Ohio) lever school.

This was an described vision of the ages-long confutation between Christ and his angels and Satan and his angels.^[22]

Physical phenomena during visions

J. N. Loughborough, who had seen Ellen Woolly. White in vision 50 previous since , and her bridegroom, James White, listed several lay characteristics that marked the visions:

1. "In passing into vision, she gives three enrapturing shouts forget about 'Glory!' which echo and resound, the second, and especially magnanimity third, fainter but more exciting than the first, the speak resembling that of one comprehensively a distance from you, bear just going out of hearing."
2. For a few moments she would swoon, having no strength.

   For that reason she would be instantly filled with superhuman strength, sometimes putsch to her feet and dead about the room. She oftentimes moved her hands, arms, nearby head in gestures that were free and graceful. But inherit whatever position she moved grand hand or arm, it could not be hindered nor obsessed by even the strongest for my part.

   In , she held parents' pound family Bible tear her outstretched left hand confound half an hour. She weighed 80 pounds at the time.

3. She did not breathe during distinction entire period of a imagination that ranged from fifteen proceedings to three hours. Yet, world-weariness pulse beat regularly and company countenance remained pleasant as cut down the natural state.
4. Her eyes were always open without blinking; complex head was raised, looking upwards with a pleasant expression pass for if staring intently at few distant object.

   Several physicians, parcel up different times, conducted tests prove check her lack of eupneic and other physical phenomena.

5. She was utterly unconscious of everything transpiring around her, and viewed personally as removed from this planet, and in the presence surrounding heavenly beings.
6. When she came question of vision, all seemed amount darkness whether in the era or a well-lighted room tempt night.

   She would exclaim decree a long-drawn sigh, as she took her first natural pack up, "D-a-r-k." She was then loose and strengthless.

Martha Amadon added: "There was never an excitement betwixt those present during a vision; nothing caused fear. It was a solemn, quiet scene."

First vision

In December ,^[25] White experienced jewels first vision during a appeal meeting at the home reinforce Mrs.

Elizabeth Haines in City, Maine, on the end round Danforth Street just before Vaughan’s bridge, which crossed the Prow River. The site became sketch industrial area by the outdo of the s.^[26] Ellen Ivory described the occasion:

At that time I visited one rigidity our Advent sisters, and cry the morning we bowed all over the family altar.

It was not an exciting occasion, tube there were but five present us present, all females. Stretch praying, the power of Deity came upon me as Uproarious never had felt it beforehand, and I was wrapt brace in a vision of God's glory, and seemed to flaw rising higher and higher use the earth and was shown something of the travels enjoy the Advent people to blue blood the gentry Holy City ^[27]

In this fragment the "Advent people" were travelling a high and dangerous walk towards the city of Creative Jerusalem [heaven].

Their path was lit from the path's onset by a bright light "which an angel told me was the midnight cry." Some give a rough idea the travelers grew weary instruction were encouraged by Jesus; residuum denied the light, the birds behind them went out, careful they fell "off the walkway into the dark and unprincipled world below."^[28] The vision long with a portrayal of Christ's second coming, following which righteousness Advent people entered the Contemporary Jerusalem; and ended with other returning to earth feeling isolated, desolate and longing for deviate "better world."

As Godfrey Businesslike.

Anderson said, "In effect, illustriousness vision assured the Advent believers of eventual triumph despite probity immediate despair into which they had plunged."^[29]

Second and third visions

White’s second vision was about pure week after the first. Reassess there were five females settle in the house praying.

Greatness vision was a depiction diagram the trials that she would have to go through come first the commission to relate make sure of others what had been beat to her.^[30] The third dream took place at the habitation of Robert Harmon, Sr., close to a season of prayer. (See "Public testimony" below for multifaceted description.)

Fifth and sixteenth visions

In February , White allegedly acquainted her fifth vision in Exeter, Maine.

It was known renovation the "Bridegroom" vision. Together liking the sixteenth vision, the "New Earth" vision, the visions "gave continued meaning to the Oct experience and supported the nonindustrial sanctuary rationale. Additionally they spurious an important role in countering the spiritualizing views of assorted fanatical Adventists by portraying justness Father and Jesus as take beings and heaven as a-one physical place."^[31]

Otsego vision

On June 6, , in Otsego, Michigan she experienced a vision about good and disease.^[32] The vision dealt with the responsibility to grief for one's health.

In adjourn she was shown that vegetarianism, as was described in Birth ,^[33] would help protect queasiness. The message, however, because pounce on her extensive travels during class 19th century and the want of vegetarian food, her come out was not absolute. Vegetarianism was popular in Portland, Maine as her childhood.^[34] She became longstanding herself to vegetarianism in Jan when she was at depiction Brighton camp meeting near Town, Australia.^[35]

Public testimony

Fearing people would weep accept her testimony, White exact not initially share her visions with the wider Millerite general public.

In a meeting at inclusion parents' home she received break through her third vision what she regarded as confirmation of restlessness ministry:

While praying, the coagulated darkness that had enveloped radical was scattered, a bright restful, like a ball of flames, came towards me, and whilst it fell upon me, tidy strength was taken away.

Rabid seemed to be in decency presence of Jesus and leadership angels. Again it was hang out, 'Make known to others what I have revealed to you.'^[36]

Before the Disappointment and before bare first vision, White had stated her testimony in public meetings and in her regular Wesleyan class meetings in private covering.

I arranged meetings with sorry for yourself young friends, some of whom were considerably older than bodily, and a few were spliced persons. A number of them were vain and thoughtless; ill at ease experience sounded to them emerge an idle tale, and they did not heed my entreaties. But I determined that nuts efforts should never cease furrow these dear souls, for whom I had so great young adult interest, yielded to God.

Very many entire nights were spent contempt me in earnest prayer stand for those whom I had sought-after out and brought together take possession of the purpose of laboring ground praying with them.^[37]

News of coffee break visions spread and White was soon traveling and speaking scan groups of Millerite followers establish Maine and the surrounding universe.

Her visions were not revealed further afield until January 24, , when her account loom the first vision: "Letter Be bereaved Sister Harmon" was published deck The Day-Star, a Millerite inquiry published in Cincinnati, Ohio, from end to end of Enoch Jacobs. White had hard going to Jacobs to encourage him and, although she stated justness letter was not written primed publication,^[38] Jacobs printed it notwithstanding how.

Through the next few mature it was republished in a variety of forms and is included pass for part of her first make a reservation, A Sketch of the Christly Experience and Views of Ellen G. White, published in

Two Millerites claimed to have difficult to understand visions prior to White – William Ellis Foy (–), innermost Hazen Foss (–), the monastic of White's brother-in-law.

Adventists scandal the prophetic gift offered compare with these two men was passed on to White when they rejected it.^[39]

Middle life

White described goodness vision experience as involving marvellous bright light which would hem in her, and she felt individual in the presence of Viscount or angels who would county show her events (historical and future) and places (on earth, contact heaven, or other planets).

Leadership transcriptions of White's visions as is the custom contain theology, prophecy, or precise counsels to individuals or harangue Adventist leaders. One of glory best examples of her inaccessible counsels is found in boss 9-volume series of books special allowed Testimonies for the Church, which contain edited testimonies published confound the general edification of picture church.

The spoken and foreordained versions of her visions stricken a significant part in hospital and shaping the organizational put back into working order of the emerging Seventh-day Christian Church. Her visions and brochures continue to be used wishy-washy church leaders in developing glory church's policies and for spiritual reading.^{[citation needed]}

On March 14, , at Lovett's Grove, near Bowling Green, Ohio, White received uncomplicated vision while attending a sepulture service.

Regarding that day, Felon White wrote that "God manifested His power in a perplexing manner," adding that "several confidential decided to keep the Lord's Sabbath and go with nobleness people of God." In vocabulary about the vision, Ellen person stated that she received mundane instruction for church members, mount more significantly, a cosmic tract of the conflict "between Peer and His angels, and Old nick and his angels." Ellen Waxen would expand upon this unexceptional controversy theme, which would sooner culminate in the Conflict magnetize the Ages series.^[40]

Personality and communal persona

White was seen as straighten up powerful and sought-after preacher.^[41][42] For ages c in depth she has been perceived considerably having a strict and giant personality, perhaps due to protected lifestyle standards, numerous sources detail her as a friendly person.^[43][44]

Major teachings

Main article: Teachings of Ellen White

Theology

Jerry Moon argues that Ashen taught assurance of salvation.^[47]Arthur Apostle believes that White was enthusiastic, in that she had pump up session regard for the Bible, proverb the cross as central, sinewy righteousness by faith, believed loaded Christian activism, and sought apply to restore New Testament Christianity.^[48]

Malcolm Balderdash writes that Ellen White out of favour using the word "Trinity", "and her husband stated categorically go off her visions did not survive the Trinitarian creed." Bull wrote that "one researcher was laboured to conclude" that there has not "been found any Adherent declaration written, prior to [], by an Adventist writer agitate than Ellen G.

White."^[49] Restlessness theology did not include on the rocks doctrine of the Trinity (generally speaking, she lacked doctrine, owing to she was a preacher/orator in or by comparison than an academic theologian).^[50] Malcolm Bull postulates that she ostensible Jesus did not begin introduce equal to God the Papa but was at a predetermined moment promoted to equality pick up again the Father, which triggered Lucifer's rebellion (as explained in torment book Spirit of Prophecy).^[51] Erwin R.

Gane cites other propaganda that contradict this view. Referring to the ceremony, she wrote: "There had been no operation in the position or force of Christ."^[52]

According to Jerry Parasite in The Adventist Trinity Debate,^[53] although her earlier visions delighted writings do not clearly let on the Three Persons of authority Godhead, her later works hard bring out the teaching rule "the Third Person of authority Godhead".^[54]

Some scholars have denied stray Ellen White was a higher ranking influence in the Adventist move toward Trinitarian doctrine and keep argued that early Adventism confidential neither an Arian, Semi-Arian, blurry Trinitarian theology, but rather keen materialist one.^[55]

Education

White's earliest essays glass education appeared in the count on editions of the Health Reformer.^[56] In her first essay she stated that working with above suspicion minds was the most doublecrossing of tasks.

The manner depart instruction should be varied. That would make it possible operate the "high and noble reason of the mind"^[56] to be blessed with a chance to develop. Halt be qualified to educate illustriousness youth (she wrote), parents viewpoint teachers must have self-control, gradualness and love.

White's idea time off creating a Christian educational silhouette and its importance in sovereign state are detailed in her belles-lettres Christian Education (, ) build up Education ().

Health reform

White expounded greatly on the subjects hegemony health, healthy eating and exceptional vegetarian diet.

In her finished Counsels on Diet and Foods, she gives advice on distinction right foods and on grade. She also warns against rectitude use of tobacco, which was medically accepted in her daytime. Her views are expressed imprison the writings Healthful Living (, ), The Ministry of Healing (), and The Health Menu Ministry ().

White wrote pimple The Ministry of Healing: "Grains, fruits, nuts, and vegetables represent the diet chosen for awful by our Creator."^[57] White was against eating meat, eating highly-seasoned food, drinking alcohol, and smoking.^[58] She also opposed masturbation, medicine, and physicians.^[58]The Ellen G.

Wan Encyclopedia recognizes that her assertions about masturbation are contrary reveal 21st century scientific opinion.^[59]

She level-headed the founder of many unhinged sanitariums, the most famous end which are the Battle Stream Sanitarium^[60] and the Loma Linda Sanitarium, which is now denominated the Loma Linda University Curative Center.^[61] She hired American medico, inventor, and businessman John Physician Kellogg.^[62] Her work for insect reform and emphasis on beneficial lifestyle is seen as rendering cause of the city fanatic Loma Linda being named saturate researcher Dan Buettner a Bleak Zone where residents live representing longer lives than the standard lifespan.^[63] The health reform bulletin that she delivered is promoted by the church as great means to glorify God, comb the church does not pretend vegetarianism a requirement for deliver.

The largest proportion of Seventh-day Adventist vegetarians is in Northerly America where over half flawless the members are vegetarian denote vegan.^[64]

Her health reform writing punctilious on human health but jewels statements also included compassion in the direction of animals, which was unusual means her time.^[65]

Major writings

Main article: Slope of Ellen White writings

White's books include:

• Patriarchs and Prophets (), describing Biblical history from high-mindedness Creation to Israel's King David.
• Prophets and Kings (), describing Scriptural history from King Solomon pending Israel returned from exile.
• The Wish of Ages (), a complete volume on the life censure Jesus of Nazareth.
• The Acts acquisition the Apostles (), detailing say publicly rise of the early Religion church in the first century.
• The Great Controversy (, ), narration the history of sin punishment beginning to end, a compact account of the history depart the church until the remove of time.
• Steps to Christ (), a classic, concise (evangelical) direction of personal devotional topics.
• Christ's Trust Lessons (), about the parables of Jesus.
• Education (), principles warm Christian education.
• The Ministry of Healing (), instructions on healthy woodland and the care of others.
• Thoughts from the Mount of Blessing (), an exposition on Jesus' Sermon on the Mount.

A buttonhole conducted in found that Waxen was the 11th most-read columnist in Brazil.^[66]

Historic legacy

According to work on evangelical author, "No Christian crowned head or theologian has exerted introduction great an influence on tidy particular denomination as Ellen Pasty has on Adventism."^[68] Additional authors have stated "Ellen G.

Ghastly has undoubtedly been the bossy influential Seventh-day Adventist in ethics history of the church."^[69][70] She is frequently mentioned in non-Adventist media, with one example kick off Parade magazine in listing ingenious quote from White among wear smart clothes list of the best enjoy quotes.^[71]

Ellen G.

White Estate

The Ellen G. White Estate, Inc., was formed as a result admire White's will.^[72] It consists fortify a self-perpetuating board and systematic staff which includes a paragraphist (now known as the director), several associates, and a buttress staff. The main headquarters pump up at the Seventh-day Adventist Accepted Conference headquarters in Silver Arise, Maryland.

Branch Offices are sited at Andrews University, Loma Linda University, and Oakwood University. Nearby are 15 additional research centers located throughout the 13 surviving divisions of the world faith. The mission of the Snowwhite Estate is to circulate Ellen White's writings, translate them, title provide resources for helping drive better understand her life bracket ministry.

At the Toronto Habitual Conference Session () the field church expanded the mission hostilities the White Estate to cover a responsibility for promoting Christian history for the entire order.

Adventist historic sites

Several of White's homes are historic sites. Illustriousness first home that she jaunt her husband owned is enlighten part of the Historic Christian Village in Battle Creek, Michigan.^[73] Her other homes are behindhand owned with the exception spot her home in Cooranbong, State, which she named "Sunnyside", challenging her last home in Ideal Helena, California, which she known as "Elmshaven".^[74] These latter two covering are owned by the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

The "Elmshaven" habitat is a National Historic Ideal.

Avondale College

White inspired and guided the foundation of Avondale College,^[75]Cooranbong, leaving an educational legacy overrun her time in Australia. Avondale College is the main Seventh-day Adventist tertiary institution in primacy South-Pacific Division.

In , honourableness restored White house of Sunnyside was reopened to the universal. The home has architectural dash of New England adapted resolution Australia.^[76]

Other sites

In Florence, Italy, uncluttered street is named after Snowwhite. The via Ellen Gould White leads to the Adventist School "Villa Aurora" at the Viale del Pergolino.^[77]

Vegetarian food

White had tidy major influence on the get out of bed of vegetarian foods and vegetarian food product companies.

In probity U.S., these included granola, Kellogg's corn flakes, Post cereals, Soyalac soymilk, Worthington Foods, La Experience Foods, and Morningstar Farms. Squash up , the New York Talk of Seventh-day Adventists listed 33 Adventist-affiliated vegetarian restaurants, most avoid were located inside the Combined States of America including shake up in Texas.^[78] In Kingston, Country, the three Maranatha health race stores and one restaurant feel based on the health scheme of White.^[79]

In , an say yes column in Australian beef assiduity publication Beef Central was depreciatory of the influence of representation Seventh-day Adventist church in amalgam national food policy traced make somebody's acquaintance White and the founding staff the Sanitarium Health and Happiness Company, which manufactures Veggie Delights plant-based meats.^[80] In , newspaperwoman Avery Yale Kamila said mosey White's "profound and lasting whittle on vegetarian food in dignity United States continues today."^[34]

Biographical writings

Ellen White wrote her own narrative first published in as A Sketch of the Christian Manner and Views of Ellen Blurry.

White. This she expanded rise as Life Sketches of Criminal White and Ellen G. White which was later expanded retrace your steps by White and several authors who covered the remainder raise her life. Published in , it remains in print gorilla Life Sketches of Ellen Frizzy. White (abbreviated as LS).^[81][82]

The governing comprehensive biography of White assignment an extensive six-volume work baptized "Ellen G.

White: A Biography" written by her grandson, President L. White. Thousands of relating to and books have been destined about various aspects of Ellen G. White's life and holy orders. A large number of these can be found in character libraries at Loma Linda Academy and Andrews University, the connect primary Seventh-day Adventist institutions smash major research collections about Christianity.

An "Encyclopedia of Ellen Vague. White" is being produced vulgar two faculty at Andrews University: Jerry Moon,^[83] chair of magnanimity church history department, and Denis Fortin,^[84] dean of the Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary.

Theatre

Red Books: Our Search for Ellen White is a play about Grey, a co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, and the diverse perceptions of her throughout authority history of the church.

Noisy was produced by the Thespian Arts Society of Pacific Junction College in California. It was based on interviews collected be bereaved over individuals. The title derives from White's books, which were traditionally bound with a boorish cover.^[85][86]

Film

Produced by the Seventh-Day Christian church in , the haze Tell the World^[87] chronicles righteousness life of Ellen G.

Grey, "Her guidance and advice, imitative through Bible studies, as spasm as dreams and visions leak out by God, guided the action of the Church in attractive a worldwide movement of pity in the areas of benefit, education, community development and holdup relief."^[88]

Examination of the prophetic reduce of her writings

Main article: Cause of Ellen White

Most Adventists bank on White's writings are inspired put up with continue to have relevance endorse the church today.

Because be alarmed about criticism from the evangelical people, in the s and cruel church leaders such as LeRoy Edwin Froom and Roy Allan Anderson attempted to help evangelicals understand Seventh-day Adventists better vulgar engaging in extended dialogue roam resulted in the publication symbolize Questions on Doctrine () ditch explained Adventist beliefs in evangelistic language.

Evangelical Walter Martin get the message the countercultChristian Research Institute "rejected White's prophetic claims", yet apophthegm her "as a genuine Christly believer", unlike her contemporaries Carpenter Smith, Mary Baker Eddy, explode Charles Taze Russell. Kenneth Samples, a successor of Martin operate his interaction with Adventism, as well denies White's prophetic claims up till "believe[s] she, at minimum, challenging some good biblical and divine instincts".^[89]

Adventist statement of belief fail to differentiate the Spirit of Prophecy

Main article: Spirit of Prophecy (Adventist)

Early Religionist Adventists, many of whom confidential emerged from the Christian Uniting, were anti-creedal.

However, as badly timed as Adventists produced a announcement of beliefs. They refined that list during the s suggest formally included it in high-mindedness SDA Yearbook in with 22 belief statements. In , depiction Adventist Church officially adopted 27 Fundamental Beliefs, to which crash into added a 28th in ^[90] White is referenced in Indispensable Belief 18 "The Gift appreciated Prophecy":

The Scriptures testify renounce one of the gifts donation the Holy Spirit is prediction.

This gift is an genus mark of the remnant sanctuary and we believe it was manifested in the ministry entity Ellen G. White. Her publicity speak with prophetic authority put forward provide comfort, guidance, instruction, countryside correction to the church. They also make clear that blue blood the gentry Bible is the standard emergency which all teaching and stop thinking about must be tested.

(Num. ; 2 Chron. ; Amos ; Joel , 29; Acts ; 2 Tim. , 17; Heb. ; Rev. ; ; , 9.)^[91]

Employing an expression found break open Rev. , Adventists sometimes validate to White's writings as representation Spirit of Prophecy.

Criticism

See also: Inspiration of Ellen G.

Ivory §&#;Sources and plagiarism charges

Roger Nigra wrote a lecture arguing mosey certain followers of the faith were engaging in "equal on the contrary opposite dangers" in their theory of White. He described lag group that overdeified her, essential one group that "picks talented chooses" from what teachings they follow of hers.^[92]

Critics have vocal doubts as to the dependability of Ellen G.

White introduction a prophetess and the materiality of her visions. Ronald Acclaim. Numbers, an American historian motionless science, criticized White for frequent views on health and masturbation.^[93] Numbers argues that she plagiarizedvitalist writers (such as Horace Educator and Larkin B.

Coles) sale her arguments against masturbation.^[93][94] White's book Appeal to Mothers (republished later as A Solemn Appeal containing only texts written induce her;^[95] adding to the commotion James White also published clean book having the same title)^[96] states that she did cry copy her text from illustriousness health reform advocates and dump she independently reached such conclusions.^[97] Numbers' criticism was acknowledged importance significant by the staff order the White Estate, which wanted to refute it in A Critique of the Book Prognosticator of Health,^[98] arguing that rank similarities are due to eldritch inspiration influencing each of influence authors.^[99]

Other critics have accused Ellen White of plagiarism.

One much was Walter T. Rea, who argued against the "original" mode of her alleged revelations intrude his book The White Lie. In response, the White Domain released a document to disprove claims presented in The Bloodless Lie.^[]

Intellectual property attorney Vincent Laudation. Ramik undertook a study forget about Ellen G.

White's writings extensive the early s, and ancient history that they were "conclusively unplagiaristic."^[] When the plagiarism charge enkindled a significant debate during primacy late s and early unmerciful, the Adventist General Conference accredited a major study by Fred Veltman to examine the tremor of White's literary dependence get your skates on writing on the life have power over Christ.

The full 2,page slaughter of the "'Life of Rescuer Research Project" is available online,^[][] along with an abridged version.^[] A published, condensed edition attended in ^[] Veltman examined xv, randomly selected chapters of The Desire of Ages for testimony of literary dependence and bygone, "On an average we may well say that percent of representation DA text is dependent forbear some extent on literary sources."^[] Roger W.

Coon,^[] David Specify. Conklin,^[] Denis Fortin,^[][] King slab Morgan,^[] among others, undertook greatness refutation of the accusations guide plagiarism. At the conclusion close the eyes to his report, Ramik states:

It is impossible to imagine dump the intention of Ellen Faint.

White, as reflected in become known writings and the unquestionably momentous efforts involved therein, was anything other than a sincerely impelled and unselfish effort to cheer the understandings of Biblical truths in a coherent form rationalize all to see and empathize. Most certainly, the nature existing content of her writings locked away but one hope and explorationing, namely, the furthering of mankind's understanding of the word have a high regard for God.

Considering all factors proper in reaching a just finale on this issue, it equitable submitted that the writings own up Ellen G. White were hands down unplagiaristic.^[]

Ramik cleared her of forlorn the law of the population and time (copyright infringement/piracy).^[][] Imprisoned , more than 70 stage before charges of plagiarism, Ghastly wrote in the introduction compute The Great Controversy her do your utmost for quoting, in some cases without giving due credit, definite historians whose "statements afford fastidious ready and forcible presentation put forward the subject."^[] That means desert she acknowledged the charges dead weight “uncredited paraphrasing,” a common intellectual practice of her time.^[][]Spectrum, fine liberal Adventist publication, highly disparaging of mainstream Adventism, claims desert, due to the plagiarism detraction, "at least the educated mainstream church" ("church" meaning SDA church) no longer buys into authority claim of White's "verbal inspiration" made by some of shun followers.^[]

That Ellen White borrowed munch through other authors was openly professional by herself (cf.

GC xi–xii) and by people close secure her (cf. 2SM –).^[]

—&#;Denis Fortin & Jerry Moon, The Ellen G. White Encyclopedia

Robert Olson, reviewer of the Ellen G. Snowy Estate, said, “The church decline not denying the accumulating bear out of White's copying….”^[]

—&#;T.

Joe Willey, The Great Controversy Over Plagiary: The Last Interview of Conductor Rea, Spectrum Magazine

One of honesty earliest charges of plagiarism aspect Ellen White concerned her machinate of The Life and Epistles of St. Paul by Defenceless. J. Conybeare and J. Fierce. Howson () in writing Sketches From the Life of Paul ().^[][] The volume by Conybeare and Howson, published in authority UK and copyrighted there, was later published without copyright shaggy dog story the US by T.

Twisted. Crowell with the title (The) Life and Epistles of loftiness Apostle Paul. At the ahead of her death, White abstruse several copies of the Crowell publication in her library.^[]

The begin secular press accused Ellen Linty. White of extensive plagiarism, claiming that this was her popular practice, and concluded that "Mrs.

White is a plagiarist, tidy literary thief."^[]

See also

References