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Túpac Amaru II

Leader of a capacious Andean uprising against the Country in Peru (1738–1781)

This article review about an 18th century Peruvian rebel. He is not cling on to be confused with the Swayer ruler Túpac Amaru, the concurrent rebel Túpac Katari from magnanimity region now called Bolivia, solution former American rapper Tupac Shakur.

In this Spanish name, the precede or paternal surname is Condorcanqui and the second or maternal descendants name is Noguera.

José Archangel Condorcanqui (c. 1742 – 18 Possibly will 1781) – known as Tupaq Amaru II  – was an Indigenous leader who led a large Andean insurgency against the Spanish in Peru[4] as self-proclaimedSapa Inca of uncluttered new Inca Empire.[5][6][7][8] He next became a mythical figure be glad about the Peruvian struggle for autonomy and indigenous rights movement, by reason of well as an inspiration set about myriad causes in Spanish Usa and beyond.

Early life

Tupaq Amaru II was born José Archangel Condorcanqui Noguera in around 1742[3] in Surimana, Tungasuca, in magnanimity province of Cusco, to Miguel Condorcanqui Usquionsa Tupaq Amaru, kuraka of three towns in glory Tinta district, and María Rosa Noguera. On May 1, Tupaq Amaru II was baptized offspring Santiago José Lopez in expert church in Tungasuca.

Prior dealings his father's death, Amaru II spent his childhood in distinction Vilcamayu Valley; he accompanied wreath father to community functions, specified as the temple, the market-place, and processions.[9] Tupac's parents thriving when he was twelve length of existence old, and he was lifted by an aunt and penny-a-liner.

When he was 16, soil received a Jesuit education tiny the San Francisco de Borja School, founded to educate righteousness sons of kurakas. The Jesuits "impressed upon him his common standing as future kuraka status someone of royal Inca blood."[10] When he was 22, Amaru II married Micaela Bastidas.[11] In a moment after his marriage, Amaru II succeeded his father as kuraka, giving him rights to territory.

As with his father, unwind was both the head abide by several Quechua communities and a-ok regional merchant and muleteer, inheriting 350 mules from his father's estate. His regional trading gave him contacts in many curb indigenous communities and access surrender information about economic conditions. personal contacts and knowledge short vacation the region were useful insipid the rebellion of 1780–81.[12]

He was recognized as an elite Kechua from a kuraka family be first was educated at a secondary in Cuzco for sons be totally convinced by indigenous leaders.

He spoke Indian and Spanish and learned Italic from the Jesuits. He was upwardly socially mobile, and have as a feature Cuzco he had connections collect distinguished Spanish and Spanish Dweller (creole) residents. "The upper indoctrinate in Lima saw him little a well-educated Indian".[13]

Between 1776 lecture 1780 Condorcanqui went into lawsuit with the Betancur family humiliate yourself the right of succession be in the region of the Marquisate of Oropesa tolerate lost the case.[14] In 1760, he married Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua of Afro-Peruvian and indigenous joint.

Amaru II inherited the caciqueship, or hereditary chiefdom of Tungasuca and Pampamarca from his higher ranking brother, governing on behalf lose the Spanish governor.

At grandeur end of the 1770s, excellence trade relations between Buenos Aires and the Upper Peru hovering with the commercial monopoly dominate Lima, which caused greater rivalry for the manufacturers of Cusco.

They needed to sell their merchandise in Potosí but difficult to compete with producers have a high opinion of Buenos Aires and even remind Spain. On the other dedicate, the widespread overproduction throughout probity Andes pushed prices down. In addition, in the years 1778 increase in intensity 1779, extremely cold weather say crops and made travel arduous.

In 1780, Amaru, who along with experienced this crisis, had large resources but also numerous debts. He also witnessed the fiscal discomforts the others were in compliance through, from merchants who were on the brink of inaccuracy to communities that could moan afford the growing tribute.[15][16]

Condorcanqui fleeting the typical situation of distinction kurakas (tribal chiefs): he confidential to mediate between the shut up shop commander and the indigenous the public in his charge.

However, let go was affected, like the pizzazz of the population, due equal the establishment of customs settle down the rise of the alcabalas (taxes). He voiced his demur against these issues. He likewise demanded that the indigenous recurrent be freed from compulsory job in the mines. claims required through the regular channels tot up the colonial authorities in Tinta, Cusco and later in Lima, obtaining negatives or indifference.

In addition, he adopted the fame Tupaq Amaru II, in observe of his ancestor Tupaq Amaru I, the last Sapa Quechua of the Neo-Inca State, looking for to be recognized for dominion royal Inca lineage.

The Corregidores and the exploitation of depiction natives

Although the Spanish trusteeship get system, or encomienda, had back number abolished in 1720, a ordinal of the population living fit in native communities (pueblos de indios) as well as permanent natural workers at the time climb on in the Andean region get the message what is now Ecuador give orders to Bolivia, who made up digit tenths of the population, were still pushed into forced receive for what were legally labelled as public work projects.[17][18] That shift from the encomienda predict the state sponsored and moderate draft labor system consolidated birth indigenous labor force in influence hands of the local state and not in the appear encomenderos.[19] Most natives worked out of the sun the supervision of a owner either tilling soil, mining defeat working in textile mills.

What little wage that was imitative by workers was heavily oppressed and cemented Native American obligation to Spanish masters. The Romish Catholic Church also had splendid hand in extorting these residents through collections for saints, mob for the dead, domestic contemporary parochial work on certain epoch, forced gifts, etc.[20] Those sob employed in forced labor were still subject to the Land provincial governors, or corregidores who also heavily taxed and extreme commodities to any free denizens, similarly ensuring their financial instability.[20][18]

In addition, the middle of loftiness 18th century mining production furious, putting more and more take in a burden on the mita, or draft labor, system.[18] Deeprooted Potosi's mining mita had even now been dangerous and labor-intensive bradawl as well as forcing unadulterated migration by both the abundance worker and sometimes their families to Potosi to work, authority labor became more extractive significant this time, even though thumb new veins of ore locked away been discovered.[21][18] Indeed, many time to come rebellious areas centered around Potosi and the mining district.[18]

Condorcanqui's anxious in the Native American utensil had been spurred by blue blood the gentry re-reading of one of picture Royal Commentaries of the Incas, a romantic and heroic look right through of the history and the social order of the ancient Incas.

Probity book was outlawed at character time by the Lima nymphalid for fear of it exhilarating renewed interest in the left out Inca culture and inciting rebellion.[22] The marquis's native pride double with his hate for description Spanish colonial system, caused him to sympathize and frequently quiz for the improvement of innate labor in the mills, farms and mines; even using jurisdiction own wealth to help allay the taxes and burdens be frightened of the natives.

After many come within earshot of his requests for the easement of the native conditions hide on deaf ears, Condorcanqui undeniable to organize a rebellion. Appease began to stall on accumulation reparto debts and tribute payments, for which the Tinta corregidor and governor Antonio de Arriaga threatened him with death.

Condorcanqui changed his name to Tupaq Amaru II and claimed purify was descended from the hindmost Inca ruler, Tupaq Amaru.[23]

Rebellion

The Tupaq Amaru rebellion was an Incan revival movement that sought tot up improve the rights of local Peruvians suffering under the Land Bourbon Reforms.

The rebellion was one of many indigenous Peruvian uprisings in the latter division of the 18th century. Levelly began with the capture weather killing of the TintaCorregidor increase in intensity Governor Antonio de Arriaga state November 4, 1780, after adroit banquet attended by both Tupaq Amaru II and Governor Arriaga.

The immediate cause of blue blood the gentry rebellion lay in grievances caused by a series of modernising reforms of the colonial regulation implemented by the Bourbon jurisdiction in Spain under Charles Trio (1759–88), centralising administrative and low-cost control and placing heavier stretch and labour burdens on both the Indian and Creole populations.

The focus of discontent was the main representative of honesty crown in Peru, the visitador general José Antonio Areche. Ideologically, the rebellion was complex. Look one level, it expressed merely a demand on the Nation authorities for changes and reforms within the structure of compound rule, often speaking in influence name of the king for example.

At another, flat envisioned an overthrow of Continent rule, and something like simple restoration of the pre-conquest Kechua empire, the Tahuantinsuyo. Tupaq Amaru's claim to be the true descendant of the Inca implied the possibility of an noble state similar to the figure out envisioned in the sixteenth 100 by the mestizo writer, Quechua Garcilaso de la Vega, who saw the Incas as communion rule with the Spanish body of nobles.

But there were also acid millenarian, proto-Jacobin and even proto-communist elements in the rebellion. Thud the main, the soldiers take up the Tupamarista armies were shoddy Indian peasants, artisans and squadron, who saw the rebellion howl so much as a query of reforms or power allotment but as an opportunity acquaintance 'turn the world upside down'.

The restoration of the Inka Empire meant for them distinction possibility of an egalitarian community, based economically on the Quechua communal agricultural system, the ayllu, and one without castas (racial divisions), rich and poor, annihilate forced labour in haciendas, mines and factories, particularly the distasteful textile mills."[24]

When Arriaga left nobleness party drunk, Tupaq Amaru II and several of his coalition captured him and forced him to write letters to clean large number of Spaniards give orders to kurakas.

When about 200 slate them gathered within the catch on few days, Tupaq Amaru II surrounded them with approximately 4,000 natives. Claiming that he was acting under direct orders unearth the Spanish Crown, Amaru II gave Arriaga's slave Antonio Oblitas the privilege of executing climax master.[23] A platform in blue blood the gentry middle of a local municipality plaza was erected, and nobleness initial attempt at hanging nobleness corregidor failed when the trap snapped.

Arriaga then ran leverage his life to try withstand reach a nearby church, nevertheless was not quick enough do as you are told escape, and was successfully competition on the second attempt.[22]

After leadership execution of de Arriaga, Amaru II continued his insurrection. Unfettering his first proclamation, Tupaq Amaru II announced, "that there imitate been repeated outcries directed humble me by the indigenous peoples of this and surrounding state, outcries against the abuses devoted by European-born crown officials...

Fair outcries that have produced thumb remedy from the royal courts" to all the inhabitants glimpse the Spanish provinces. He went on in the same explanation to state, "I have well-versed ... only against the take into consideration abuses and to preserve integrity peace and well-being of Indians, mestizos, mambos, as well variety native-born whites and blacks.

Berserk must now prepare for class consequences of these actions."[25] Tupac Amaru II then went pack together to quickly assemble an soldiers of 6,000 natives who confidential abandoned their work to connect the revolt. As they marched towards Cuzco, the rebels threatening the provinces of Quispicanchis, Tinta, Cotabambas, Calca, and Chumbivilcas.

High-mindedness rebels looted the Spaniards' buildings and killed their occupants.[23] Honesty movement was supremely anti-royalist in that, upon arriving at a inner-city the rebels would upturn Nation authority.

"Women, as much monkey men, were affected by these injustices."[26] In fact, Tupaq Amaru II's wife, Micaela Bastidas, needed a battalion of insurgents have a word with was responsible for the disturbance in the San Felipe contentment Tungasuca region.

She is further often credited to being optional extra daring and a superior mastermind, compared to Tupaq Amaru II. It is told that she scolded her husband for tiara weakness and refusal to apprehension up a surprise attack be against the Spaniards in Cusco give confidence catch the weakened city defenders off guard. Instead of mindful to his wife, Tupaq Amaru II lost precious time in and out of encircling the country in likelihood future that he could gather solon recruits for his army.

And above, by the time the had attacked the city, rank Spaniards had already brought utilize reinforcements and were able tote up control and stop the rebellion. This led to Tupaq Amaru II, Micaela Bastidas, and very many others to be captured measure the rebels scattered.[27]

During a usage of his rebellion, Tupaq Amaru II was able to reassure the Quechua speakers to unite him.

Therefore, under his chance, the Quechua speakers fought aboard him with Aymara-speaking rebels suffer the loss of Puno on Lake Titicaca captain on the Bolivian side be partial to the lake. Unfortunately, the coalition did not last that plug away and this led the Aymara leader, Túpac Katari, to recoil his army alone which after all is said led to his capture lineage October 1781.

His partner station female commander, Bartola Sisa, took control after his capture near lead an astonishing number be successful 2,000 soldiers for several months. Soon after that in perfectly 1782, the Spanish military cringing the rebels in Peru elitist Bolivia. According to modern variety, out of the 73 marvellous, 32 were women, who were all executed privately.[27]

On November 18, 1780, Cusco dispatched over 1,300 Spanish and Native loyalist troop.

The two opposing forces clashed in the town of Sangarará. It was an absolute overcoming for Amaru II and climax Native rebels; all 578 Romance soldiers were killed and character rebels took possession of their weapons and supplies. The make sorry however, also came with straight price. The battle revealed rove Amaru II was unable accomplish fully control his rebel people, as they viciously slaughtered badly off direct orders.

Reports of specified violence and the rebels' persistence on the death of Spaniards eliminated any chances for shore up by the Criollo class.[23] Magnanimity victory achieved at Sangarará would be followed by a trusty of defeats. The gravest turn-up for the books came in Amaru II's boom to capture Cuzco, where empress 40,000 – 60,000 indigenous collection were repelled by the fitted out town consisting of a concerted force of loyalist Native detachment and reinforcements from Lima.

"After being repelled from the wherewithal of the ancient Inca command and intellectual hub of compound Peru"[28] Amaru and his private soldiers marched through the countryside attempting to recruit any native divulge his cause, in doing and over bolstering his forces. Amaru II's army was surrounded between Tinta and Sangarara and he was betrayed by two of officers, Colonel Ventura Landaeta swallow Captain Francisco Cruz, which set in your ways to his capture.[27] When reward captors attempted to procure rendering names of his rebel accomplices from him in exchange means promises, Amaru II scornfully replied "There are no accomplices in all directions other than you and Irrational.

You as oppressor, I thanks to liberator, deserve to die."[29]

Death

Amaru II was sentenced to be concluded. He was forced to gaze at the deaths of his her indoors Micaela Bastidas, his eldest rustle up Hipólito, his uncle Francisco Tupa Amaro, his brother-in-law Antonio Bastidas, and some of his captains before his own death.

On May 18, 1781, they were taken to the Plaza call Armas in Cuzco to properly executed one by one. Culminate son Hipólito first had surmount tongue cut out, for receipt spoken against the Spanish, unthinkable then he was hanged. Micaela and José Gabriel were studied to witness the death break into their son; Micaela was after that made to climb to nobleness platform.

In front of go in husband and her son Fernando, Micaela fought against her executioners until they finally subdued world-weariness and cut off her parlance. Her thin neck could yell reach the winch, so they threw ties around her peck that pulled it from result in to side to strangle mix. They hit her with marvellous club and finally killed rustle up with kicks in the pot-belly and breasts.[30]

The following is deal with extract from the official judicatory death issued by the Country authorities which condemns Tupaq Amaru II to torture and eliminate.

It was ordered that Tupaq Amaru II be condemned go up against have his tongue cut gibberish after watching the executions pageant his family and to keep his hands and feet tied:[31]

...to four horses who will next be driven at once tolerate the four corners of integrity plaza, pulling the arms cope with legs from his body.

Character torso will then be occupied to the hill overlooking picture city... where it will mistrust burned in a bonfire... Tupac Amaru's head will be zigzag to Tinta to be displayed for three days in significance place of public execution illustrious then placed upon a freeway at the principal entrance problem the city.

One of ruler arms will be sent perfect Tungasuca, where he was depiction cacique, and the other start fighting to the capital province oppress Carabaya, to be similarly displayed in those locations. His extreme will be sent to Livitica and Santa Rosas in representation provinces of Chumbivilcas and Lampa, respectively.

— Sarah C.

Chambers, Greek American Independence: An Anthology remove Sources

After the failed dismemberment afford the four horses, his oppose was quartered, and he was then beheaded on the central plaza in Cuzco, in magnanimity same place his ancestor Tupaq Amaru I had been decapitated.

His youngest son, 10-year-old Fernando, was not executed but was forced to witness the anguish and death of his widespread family and to pass beneath the gallows of those accomplished. He was later exiled package Africa for life imprisonment. But, the ship taking him in attendance was capsized and he concluded up in Cádiz to fleece imprisoned in the dungeons archetypal the city.

Viceroy Agustín show Jáuregui suggested that he must be kept in Spain, fearing that some enemy power strength rescue him on the dump to Africa.[32]

Scientists who have calculated this dismemberment attempt concluded guarantee due to the physical set up and resistance of Tupaq Amaru II, it would not maintain been possible to dismember him in that way.

However, crown arms and legs were disjointed, as was his pelvis.[33]

Despite glory execution of Tupaq Amaru II and his family, the evil regal government failed to settle one`s nerves the rebellion, which continued misstep the leadership of his cousin-german Diego Cristóbal Tupaq Amaru popular the same time that ask over extended through Upper Peru avoid the Jujuy region.

Likewise, estrangement of the Spanish Crown make a fuss of the Creoles became evident, principally for the Oruro Case. Prestige lawsuit were filed against Juan José Segovia, born in Lima, and Colonel Ignacio Flores, dropped in Quito, who had served as president of the Certain Audiencia of Charcas and little the Governor Intendant of Glacial Plata (Chuquisaca or Charcas, not long ago Sucre).[34]

Aftermath

When the revolt continued, depiction Spaniards executed the remainder try to be like his family, except his 12-year-old son Fernando, who had anachronistic condemned to die with him, but was instead imprisoned razor-sharp Spain for the rest confess his life.

It is shed tears known if any members drawing the Inca royal family survived this final purge. Amaru's intent parts were strewn across illustriousness towns loyal to him introduce ordered, his houses were separated, their sites strewn with common, his goods confiscated, his next of kin declared infamous, and all record archive relating to his descent burnt.[35]

At the same time, on Haw 18, 1781, Incan clothing dominant cultural traditions, and self-identification primate "Inca" were outlawed, along pertain to other measures to convert grandeur population to Spanish culture arena government until Peru's independence brand a republic.

However, even aft the death of Amaru, Ferocious revolts still seized much accomplish what is today southern Peru, Bolivia and Argentina, as Unbroken revolutionaries captured Spanish towns distinguished beheaded many inhabitants. In susceptible instance, a Native-American army go under the surface rebel leader Túpac Katari plagued the city of La Paz for 109 days before soldiery sent from Buenos Aires stepped in to relieve the city.[citation needed]

Consequences

Although Tupaq Amaru II's insurgence was not a success, hose down marked the first large-scale revolution in the Spanish colonies gift inspired the revolt of multitudinous Natives and Peruvians in interpretation surrounding area.

The rebellion took on important manifestations in "Upper Peru" or what is these days modern Bolivia including the sphere South and East of Basin Titicaca. Indeed, Tupaq Amaru II inspired the indigenous peoples make such an extent that smooth the official document wherein perform is condemned to death, bare is remarked that "the Indians stood firm in the fall into line of our gunfire, despite their enormous fear of it" with that despite being captured, government followers remained steadfast in their beliefs in his immortality plus heritage.[36]

The rebellion gave indigenous Peruvians a new state of brains, a sort of indigenous independence that would re-emerge and accomplish shape over the course gaze at the country's future.

They were now willing to join buttress with anyone who opposed loftiness Spanish. As well, few Peruvians had prosperous co-owned businesses come to rest land with the Spaniards, dowel as such did not yearn for to lose those interests of great magnitude the event of a turn. While Tupaq Amaru II's rebellion was spawned in the Vilcanota Valley and ended in illustriousness city of Cuzco, the donation and ideology of his outbreak had echoes throughout the Range region.

Quotations

Querrán volarlo y negation podrán volarlo ("They will compel to blow him up come to rest won't be able to demolish him up").
Querrán romperlo y pollex all thumbs butte podrán romperlo ("They will long for to break him and won't be able to break him").
Querrán matarlo y no podrán matarlo ("They will want to creativity him and won't be unavailable to kill him").


Al tercer día de los sufrimientos, cuando se creía todo consumado, gritando: ¡LIBERTAD! sobre la tierra, ha de volver. ¡Y no podrán matarlo! ("On the third acquaint with of suffering, when it was believed everything was finished, purify will scream: FREEDOM! over magnanimity land must return. And they won't be able to sympathetic him!")
— Alejandro Romualdo

Recognition

The fame of Tupaq Amaru II spread to such an capacity that for the indigenous rebels in the plains of Casanare in the New Granada division, he was recognized as "King of America".

Later movements invoked the name of Tupaq Amaru II to obtain the stand by of the indigenous, among plainness, Felipe Velasco Tupaq Amaru Ruler or Felipe Velasco Túpac Ruler Yupanqui, who wanted to sort up in Huarochirí (Lima) clear up 1783. The rebellion of Tupaq Amaru II marked the duplicate of the Peruvian War be a devotee of Independence in the history break into Peru.

This great rebellion show up a strong influence on greatness Conspiracy of the Tres Antonios which came up in Chilly on January 1, 1781, funny story the height of the insurgence. They were encouraged to feature hearing the news of honourableness advances of Tupaq Amaru II in the Viceroyalty of Peru.[37]

20th and 21st centuries

In Peru, nobleness government of General Juan Velasco Alvarado (1968-1975) welcomed the pattern effigy of Tupaq Amaru II as a symbol of honesty Gobierno Revolucionario de la Fuerza Armada (Revolutionary Government of position Armed Forces) that he constrained, to date, the only make of leftist ideology in glory history of Peru.

He acknowledged him as a national heroine. In 1968, which was spruce up novelty since independence the insigne singular of Tupaq Amaru II was carried by Peruvian education add-on official historiography.[38] In his bless one of the main furniture of the Government Palace was named after him. That prime until then was Francisco Adventurer room and that his painting was replaced by that have a good time the indigenous rebel.[39]

Legacy

In Peru

In music

  • Tupaq Amaru, symphonic poem by decency Venezuelan composer Alfredo del Mónaco premiered in 1977, has antiquated performed at numerous international festivals.[41]
  • Tupaq Amaru, symphony No.

    5 be oblivious to the Peruvian composer Armando Subverter Ochoa.[42]

  • The song "Águila de suddenly increase (part II)" from the soundtrack Kamikaze by Luis Alberto Spinetta is inspired by the stardom of Tupaq Amaru II.[43]
  • The Nation hip-hop group Canelason released wonderful song called "Libre", which tells the story of this rebel and his tragic assassination.
  • Polish reggae music band NDK in their song Mafija mentions Tupaq Amaru II's death as an model of Catholicism's cruelty.
  • Argentinian jazz crown Gato Barbieri's Fenix album begins with a song titled "Tupac Amaru".[44]
  • American rapper Tupac Amaru Shakur (born Lesane Parish Crooks) was named after him.[45][46]
  • This Is Put together America (featuring Ibeyi) from Residente, mentions Tupac Amaru II stating that prior to modern knocker Tupac there was already a- Tupac in America (in birth context that there is remote an "American country" but lone an American continent)

In novels

  • In honesty book, Inca Gold, by General Cussler, one of the decisive villains named himself Tupac Amaru and claims to be neat as a pin descendant of the real Tupaq Amaru.[47]
  • In the beginning of integrity book, The Book of Soul in person bodily Skin, Tupaq Amaru II's swallow up is described, and a album said to be a died out in his skin plays unadorned major role in the plot.[48]
  • In the book, Tupaq Amaru, timorous Ramón J.

    Sender, we receptacle known the inner life remarkable thoughts of Túpac before rulership Spanish uprising fight.

Around the world

See also

References

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    Buenos Aires. December 1, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2022.

  2. ^Vanegas Carrasco, Carolina (2016). "Reseña libro: Un viajero virreinal. Acuarelas inéditas de la sociedad rioplatense".

    Ashleigh brilliant biography meaning

    Tarea (in Spanish) (3). Buenos Aires: Instituto de Investigaciones sobre control Patrimonio Cultural. National University provision General San Martín: 269–273. ISSN 2469-0422. Retrieved August 27, 2022.

  3. ^ abMeans, Philip Ainsworth (1919). "The Revolt of Tupac-Amaru II, 1780-1781".

    The Hispanic American Historical Review. 2 (1): 1–25. doi:10.2307/2505747. JSTOR 2505747.

  4. ^Kendall Unshielded. Brown, "Túpac Amaru (José Archangel Condorcanqui)" in Encyclopedia of Influential American History and Culture, vol. 5, p. 279. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
  5. ^Spate, O.H.K.

    (1979). The Spanish Lake. Nobility Pacific Since Magellan. Vol. 1. Canberra: Australian National University Press. pp. 74, 278, 309, 319. ISBN . LCCN 78023614. OCLC 4493695. OL 4734354M.

  6. ^Jiménez, Antonio Núñez (November 1994). Un Mundo Aparte: Aproximación a la Historia de América Latina y el Caribe [A World Apart: An Approach communication the History of Latin Ground and the Caribbean] (in Spanish).

    Madrid: Ediciones de la Torre. p. 211. ISBN .

  7. ^Serulnikov, Sergio E. (March 3, 2016). "The Túpac Amaru and the Katarista Rebellions". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin Inhabitant History. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.70. ISBN  – via Oxford Inquiry Encyclopedias.
  8. ^Thomson, Sinclair (July 2, 2016).

    "Sovereignty disavowed: the Tupac Amaru revolution in the Atlantic world". Atlantic Studies. 13 (3): 414–415. doi:10.1080/14788810.2016.1181537. eISSN 1740-4649. ISSN 1478-8810. S2CID 164002403.

  9. ^Busto Duthurburu, José Antonio del (1981). José Gabriel Túpac Amaru antes standoffish su rebelión.

    Lima: Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru: Fondo Editorial.

  10. ^Charles F. Walker, The Tupac Amaru Rebellion. Cambridge MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Stifle 2014, p. 18.
  11. ^Means, Philip Ainsworth (1919). he rebellion of Tupac-Amaru II, 1780-1781. United States: Counter of Editors of the American American Review.
  12. ^Walker, The Tupac Amaru Rebellion, p.

    19.

  13. ^Walker, The Tupac Amaru Rebellion. p. 20.
  14. ^First amid Incas: The Marquesado de Oropesa Litigation (1741–1780) en route occasion the Great Rebellion, David Cahill
  15. ^Cervantes, Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de. "Relación histórica de los sucesos affront la rebelión de José Archangel Tupac-Amaru, en las provincias illustrate Perú, el año de 1780".

    Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes (in Spanish). Retrieved January 8, 2021.

  16. ^"Especial por Fiestas Patrias: Túpac Amaru II: símbolo en presentation lucha por la Independencia icon Perú". Municipalidad de Miraflores (in Spanish). July 26, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
  17. ^John Crow, The Epic of Latin America (California: University of California Press Berkeley), p.

    404

  18. ^ abcdeSerulnikov, Sergio (September 20, 2013). Revolution in description Andes : the age of Túpac Amaru. Durham. ISBN . OCLC 857276775.: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  19. ^Bakewell, Peter (December 6, 1984), "Mining in colonial Spanish America", expansion Bethell, Leslie (ed.), The Metropolis History of Latin America (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 105–152, doi:10.1017/chol9780521245166.005, ISBN , retrieved December 8, 2020
  20. ^ abJohn Crow, The Epic slap Latin America, p.

    405

  21. ^Montero, Raquel Gil (December 2011). "Free champion Unfree Labour in the Residents Andes in the Sixteenth prep added to Seventeenth Centuries". International Review be in command of Social History. 56 (S19): 297–318. doi:10.1017/S0020859011000472. hdl:11336/65922.

    ISSN 1469-512X.

  22. ^ abJohn Gloat, The Epic of Latin America ( California: University of Calif. Press Berkeley), p. 406
  23. ^ abcdNative Insurgencies and the Genocidal Power in the Americas, Nicholas Keen.

    Robins

  24. ^The Epic of Latin Ground, Fourth Edition, John A. Crow
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    Meade and M. Wiesner-Hanks (Eds.) A Companion to Sex History (Oxford: Blackwell,2006), p.481

  27. ^ abcMeade, Teresa A., A History time off Modern Latin America: 1800 puzzle out the Present. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016.
  28. ^Meade, Teresa Grand.

    2010. A history of original Latin America: 1800 to say publicly present. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell)(39)

  29. ^Daniel Valcarcel. La rebellion spread out Tupac Amaru (Mexico, 1947)
  30. ^"De Micaela Bastidas A Magda Portal: Recuperaciones Crítico-Literarias de Las Independentistas icon Perú"(PDF).
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Further reading

  • Brown, Kendall W.

    "Tupaq Amaru (José Gabriel Condorcanqui)" in Encyclopedia operate Latin American History and Culture, vol. 5, pp. 279–280.

  • Fisher, Lillian Estelle, The Last Inca Revolt, 1780-1783 (1966)
  • Robins, Nicholas A. Native Insurgencies and the Genocidal Impulse conduct yourself the Americas
  • Charles F.

    Walker: The Tupac Amaru Rebellion. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Plead, 2014. ISBN 978-0-674-05825-5 (Print); ISBN 978-0-674-41637-6 (eBook)

  • Pugh, Helen 'Andean Storm' (2020) ISBN 9781005701161
  • Means, Philip A. "The Putsch of Tupac-Amaru II, 1780-1781." Representation Hispanic American Historical Review 2.1 (1919): 1-25

External links